Belladonna

CONGESTION: TO HEAD. Dilated arteries. Inflammation. Heat in body, parts, discharges, etc. CONSTRICTIONS. Parts are hot, swelled, red and dry. THROBBING, SHARP CUTTING, SHOOTING or clawing PAINS; of maddening severity; coming and going, in repeated attacks (Nit-ac.). Scant or hot discharges. JERKS. Shocks. TWITCHINGS. SPASM; of throat, vagina, etc. .................... Over-active. Excited. WILDLY DELIRIOUS; ferocious, noisy, cries out. RESTLESS and talks fast. Tries to escape. Furibund. Biting mania. Violent delirium. THROBBING HEAD; < temples; < motion; > letting hair down. Brain rises and falls in waves. Rolls head. Pains go downward from head. HEAD SENSITIVE TO DRAFTS AND COLD, or washing hair. HAMMERING THROB. Pulls her hair. Meningitis. Sunstroke. DILATED PUPILS. Prominent, sparkling eyes. Red sclerotic. Lurid, red, terrifying hallucinations; on closing eyes. Blind attacks; then yellow vision. Sees red. Flashes before vision. PHOTOPHOBIA. Red nose. Fiery RED, turgid, hot FACE, or alternately pale and red. DRY, HOT MOUTH AND THROAT (Pho. Rhus-t.). Toothache, > biting. Swelled tongue. Strawberry tongue. Urging to swallow, with choking. Drinks in sips. Must drink to swallow. Craves lemonade. Pain from stomach or liver to shoulder and throat, < lying on it. Cutting epigastric colic, > bending backward. Distended transverse colon. Clawing or downward forcing in abdomen. Acute prolapsus ani (Ars.). Stools contain chalky lumps. Enuresis on lying down; nocturnal. Fiery red urine. Early, profuse, hot (Sabi.), red, gushing menses. Rigid os. Metritis. Bearing down > standing,< lying. Red streaked mammæ. Dry cough. Barking voice. Stiff r. neck and shoulder in afternoon. Back feels broken. BRIGHT, RED, GLOSSY SKIN. Intense dermatitis. Scarlatina. Erysipelas. Sleepy, but can't sleep. Heavy, hot sleep. JERKS DURING SLEEP. Frightful dreams; of quarrels, fire, etc. Internal coldness with external, pungent, burning heat. HOT HEAD, with cold limbs (Sul.). Hot sweat. Skin hot, but moist and dry alternately. Spasm, then prolonged unconsciousness.

Heat: of sun; if heated. Afternoon (3 P.M.). DRAFTS; on head; hair cut (Glo.). Washing head. After taking cold. CHECKED SWEAT. LIGHT. NOISE. JARRING. Touch. Company. Pressure. Motion. Hanging down.

Light covering. Bending backward. Rest in bed. Plethoric, brainy. SUDDEN, VIOLENT EFFECTS. DRYNESS, BRIGHT REDNESS -streaked (Pho.)- AND BURNING HEAT; WITH GREAT PAIN; FULNESS OR SWELLING.

Nerve centers. Brain. Blood-vessels. Capillaries. Mucous membranes: Eyes. Mouth. THROAT. Skin. Organs. Right side.

Complementary: Calc-c. Hep. Merc. Related: Glo. Hyo. Stram.

Belladonna

Deadly Nightshade. Solanaceae.

Adapted to bilious, lymphatic, plethoric constitutions; persons who are lively and entertaining when well, but violent and often delirious when sick.

Women and children with light hair and blue eyes, fine complexion, delicate skin ; sensitive, nervous, threatened with convulsions; tuberculous patients.

Great liability to take cold; sensitive to drafts of air, especially when uncovering the head; from having the hair cut; tonsils become inflamed after riding in a cold wind (Acon., Hep., Rhus — takes cold from exposure of feet. Con., Cup., Sil.).

Quick sensation and motion; eyes snap and move quickly; pains come suddenly, last indefinitely and cease suddenly (Mag. p. ).

Pains usually in short attacks; cause redness of face and eyes ; fulness of head and throbbing of carotids.

Imagines he sees ghosts, hideous faces, and various insects (Stram. ) ; black animals, dogs, wolves.

Fear of imaginary things, wants to run away from them ; hallucinations.

Violent delirium; disposition to bite, spit, strike and tear things; breaks into fits of laughter and gnashes the teeth; wants to bite and strike the attendants (Stram.) ; tries to escape (Hell.).

Head hot and painful; face flushed; eyes wild, staring, pupils dilated; pulse full and bounding, globular, like buckshot striking the finger; mucous membrane of mouth dry; stool tardy and urine suppressed; sleepy; but cannot sleep (Cham., Op.).

Convulsions during teething, with fever (without fever, Mag. p. ) ; come on suddenly, head hot, feet cold.

Rush of blood to head and face ( Amyl., Glon. Mel.).

Headache, congestive, with red face, throbbing of brain and carotids (Mel.); < from slight noise, jar, motion, light, lying down, least exertion; > pressure, tight bandaging, wrapping up, during menses.

Boring the head into the pillow (Apis, Hell., Pod.;.

Vertigo when stooping, or when rising after stooping (Bry. ) ; on every change of position.

Abdomen tender, distended < by least jar, even of the bed; obliged to walk with great care for fear of a jar.

Pain in r. ileo-coecal region, < by slightest touch, even of the bed-cover.

The transverse colon protrudes like a pad.

Skin: of a uniform, smooth, shining, scarlet redness; dry, hot, burning; imparts a burning sensation to examining hand ; the true Sydenham scarlet fever, where eruption is perfectly smooth and truly scarlet.

Pressing downwards as if the contents of abdomen would issue from the vulva; > standing and sitting erect; worse mornings (Lib, Mur., Sep.).

Belladonna is the acute of Calcarea, which is often required to complete a cure.

Similar: to. Acon., Bry., Cic., Gels., Glon., Hyos., Mel., Op., Stram.

Aggravation. — From touch, motion, noise, draught of air, looking at bright, shining objects (Lys., Stram.) ; after 3 p. m. ; night, after midnight; while drinking; uncovering the head ; summer sun ; lying down.

Amelioration. — Rest; standing or sitting erect; warm room.

Lecture XXXIX — Solanaceae — Belladonna

SOLANACEiE.

f Belladonna.

Hyoscyamus. > Mydriatic—Acro-narcotic.

Stramonium. )

Solanaceae. *{ Solanum nigrum.

Tabacum.

Dulcamara.

[ Capsicum—Acrid.

The drugs composing this group of remedies present great symptomatic similarity. The first three remedies on the list are continually in use, even in an average practice. There is scarcely a symptom of one of them which cannot be found under one of the others. The resemblances are, in fact, perplexingly similar.

I have arranged the remedies on the board, not botanically, but rather according to their medicinal relations. For instance, the first four on the list attack prominently the brain and have narcotic properties; they are, therefore, placed in one group. Then we have Tabacum, which also has narcotic properties, but which acts also on other parts of the body besides the brain. Next comes Dulcamara, which contains a small quantity of Solanine, and is only slightly narcotic. A large quantity of this drug would be required to develop the soporific effects which can be obtained from Stramonium or Hyoscyamus. Lastly, we have Capsicum, which is decidedly irritant or acrid. Placed on the skin, it acts as a blister or counter-irritant. It has possibly some narcotic effects, but it differs almost entirely from the other members of the group.

The resemblances between the first three members of the group are so. great, in fact the drugs are so nearly " idem,'" that it is not well to follow one with the other. There are some symptoms of Belladonna and Hyoscyamus which are opposite, not so much in the phraseology in which they are expressed, for they may read almost exactly alike, but in the fact that they are results acting in opposite directions; consequently, they sometimes serve to antidote each other. Especially is this true of the skin symptoms.

Belladonna.

Belladonna. < Nerves.

Ailments.

J Sphincters contract.

Irritates the centres.

Irritates, then paralyzes the peripheries.

Disturbs the circulation; worse in the brain.

_ Disturbs the circulation; fever, f Violent, sudden, j Usually with brain symptoms.

Inflammation.

Hypersemia with tendency upward.

^ Brain cells.

Belladonna, or the deadly nightshade, was known to the medical world as early as 1500 A. D. The Venetians named the plant " herba Bella donna," from the circumstance that the ladies used it distilled in water as a cosmetic to brighten the eyes and flush the cheeks. The plant, especially the leaves, yields the well-known alkaloid Atropine. The root, too, contains Atropine , although in variable proportions. Belladonna is intensely poisonous to man, though herbivorous animals may eat it with impunity.

Studied as a poison, Belladonna causes the following symptoms: eyes dry and injected; face red, turgid, and hot; skin scarlet or studded with papillae, all but identical with those in scarlatina ; violent congestions especially of the head; mouth and throat distressingly dry; this last sensation extends downward, compelling frequent swallowing, and suffocative spasms of the fauces and glottis. Thirst is violent, yet water aggravates; there are vertigo, confusion, hallucination, and finally stupor. The pupils are so markedly dilated that the iris is hardly visible.* There are jactitation of the muscles; convulsions- Such poisoning cases are not uncommon in Europe, where the plant is *Belladonna dilates the pupil by stimulating the sympathetic ; Physostigma contracts it by stimulating the third cranial nerve ; Gelsemium dilates it by paralyzing the third cranial nerve.

native, and where its berries have been mistaken for cherries. In this country, too, it has been taken accidentally, and also employed in attempts at suicide. To antidote it, use the stomach pump, emetics of hot mustard water, and strong coffee without milk or sugar. Belladonna as a homoeopathic remedy is almost as old as the art itself. Our symptomatology from provings and poisoning cases enables us to employ the drug with mathematical certainty, so far as its selection is concerned. But like all polychrests, it is abused by hurried and careless practitioners, and so is often given when its resemblance to the cases under treatment is only superficial and partial. Of all drugs, it has the power of producing opposite effects most markedly.

Belladonna has been so often mentioned in the preceding lectures of this course in comparing it with other drugs that you are already somewhat familiar with it. For this reason many of the symptoms of the drug may be passed over in brief review. But first of all let me tell you something of the general character of Belladonna. It seems to be best suited to rather fleshy and phlegmatic persons of a plethoric habit who are subject to congestions, especially of the head. This is something like the constitution of Calcarea ostrearum, but Belladonna has not the pallor of that remedy. The Belladonna patients are pleas- ant and jolly enough when well, but they become exceedingly irritable and overbearing when ill. This pleasant sociability which makes them so companionable, seems to be converted into the opposite condition when they are afflicted with disease. It is also suited to precocious children, with big head and small body, who may be scrofulous, with a tendency to swelling of the lips and enlargement of glands. They learn things rapidly; sleep is unnatural; the head is hot and the cheeks red; they scream out during sleep. Belladonna, when it is to be used for children, demands the presence of some cerebral symptoms. There must be some irritation of the brain, as shown by jerking of the limbs, irritability and fretfulness, or even some absolute meningeal inflammation.

A peculiarity of Belladonna is its faculty of exciting constriction of the circular fibres of blood-vessels, contraction of sphincters, etc. This universal quality of Belladonna is exemplified in the constriction of the throat, worse from liquids; constriction of the anus, which, with tenesmic urging and pressing in the rectum, suggests the drug in dysentery; spasmodic constriction of the os uteri, retarding labor; and ineffectual or frequent urging to urinate, with scanty discharge. The disease in which Belladonna is indicated is acute, sudden and violent. The very rapidity of the onset of the trouble should at once suggest Belladonna. For example, a child is perfectly well on going to bed. A few hours afterward it begins to scream out during sleep, and is soon aroused with violent symptoms, such as jerking of the limbs, irritation of the brain, restlessness, can't lie still; ceaseless motion, especially of the arms. All these symptoms suggest Belladonna. Again if inflammations come suddenly, and are violent or almost overwhelming in their intensity, Belladonna is suggested. We may think of it in abscess, when pus develops with lightning-like rapidity, whether it be an abscess of the tonsil, a boil, or any other kind of abscess. Hence we find it indicated in phlegmonous erysipelas, which quickly goes on to suppuration. The affected parts become greatly swollen. Pus works its way through the tissues between the various muscles. The very suddenness of the attack suggests Belladonna. The pains are quite consistent with this character of the drug. They come suddenly and last a greater or less length of time, and then cease as suddenly as they began. So much for the general character of Belladonna.

Belladonna acts on muscular tissue and on the joints. It is one of our best remedies in acute and chronic rheumatism. The pains are cutting and tearing, running along the limbs like lightning. The joints are swollen, red and shining; streaks of red radiate from the inflamed joint; rheumatic fever, with pains attacking the nape of the neck, shoulders and upper arms. It is one of the best remedies in rheumatic stiff neck, caused by cutting the hair, getting the head wet, or sitting with the head and neck exposed to a draft.

The action of Belladonna on the brain must be understood before we can proceed further. In reviewing the symptoms of the drug, it seems to me that it does not develop positive inflammation of the meninges, but rather the collateral symptoms of the inflammation only. Thus Aconite causes an absolute inflammation of the meninges with an increase of exudation; Bryonia causes inflammation, with an exudation of leucocytes and blood plasma, constituting complete inflammation. But Belladonna seems rather to provoke congestion only. The surcharged blood-vessels seem to have ruptured, producing little reddish spots or ecchymoses in the tissues, thus exciting a congestive irritation of the brain beneath the membrane. If exudation follows this congestive irritation the exudate is serous, and is just the kind that results from venous congestion. It is not the inflammatory exudation, rich in plasma, which is pictured under Bryonia, Apis and Sulphur.

Nevertheless, Belladonna produces so many collateral symptoms of cerebral irritation, that we find its use indispensable in this condition. In the first place, it causes congestion of the head. In its milder form, this may be simply a feeling of heat about the head, the feet being cold. At other times and in more violent forms we find the face red and the whites of the eyes somewhat injected. The patient complains of a severe throbbing headache. He may be either drowsy or very wakeful. Frequently these latter symptoms alternate, that is, at times the patient is drowsy and falls into a heavy slumber, awaking later with a start, and crying out, or giving some other evidence of cerebral irritation, such as jerking of the limbs and twitching of individual muscles. As this form of irritation advances, we find the eyes very red, the whites of the eyes looking almost like raw beef. The carotid arteries throb so violent^ that their pulsations are plainly visible. This congestion proceeds to an inflammatory irritation. We find intense throbbing in the head, with sharp shooting pains, making the patient scream or cringe, so violent are they. These pains come almost like a flash, and disappear as suddenly as they came. At first the patient cannot sleep. He is in the unfortunate predicament of being sleepy, yet unable to sleep. As the symptoms advance, especially in children, there is boring of the head into the pillow; the head is thrown backward and there is rolling of the head from side to side. Some squint is noticed. The pupils are dilated. There is grinding of the teeth. The face is now bright red or else the congestion is so violent as to make it almost purple. If the patient is a child whose anterior fontanelle has not yet closed, you can feel it, tense and bulging, above the convexity of the skull, throbbing and thumping with each pulsation of the heart. Convulsions often ensue, particularly in children, and these convulsions are very violent, distorting the body in every conceivable manner, opisthotonos predominating. The urine is either scanty or suppressed. Now the various symptoms, subjective and objective, which belong to this condition are, first, jerking in sleep, or even when awake; on closing his eyes the patient is very apt to see abnormal visions. These usually disappear on opening the eyes. At other times he has a sensation as though he were falling; the patient, if a child, suddenly arouses from sleep, clutches at the air, and trembles as if from fear. Sometimes this symptom is due to dreams; at other times it comes from severe pain in the head, which, by its intensity, wakens the child in great alarm. At still other times it results from the sensation as if the child were falling.

Sometimes we find the patients with this cerebral. irritation lying in a stupor. They can scarcely be aroused, and when aroused they are alwa} rs violent, tossing about, striking those near them and tearing their clothes. All these are evidences of excitement, which, if not due to actual inflammation, at least approach that condition. In inflammation of the brain or its membranes, Belladorina must give place to other drugs when exudation takes places, whether the meningitis be simple or tuberculous. There is very little relation between Belladonna and tuberculous meningitis. Tuberculous meningitis is slow in its course. Thus we have suggested at once Sulphur, Calcarea ostrearum, Apis, and other remedies deeper and slower-acting than Belladomia. Then again, when exudation has taken place, as indicated by the persistence of the rolling of the head and sudden shrieking, we know that we must resort to other remedies, principally to Apis. Bryonia, too, often comes in after Belladonna, when the face is flushed red or is alternately red and pale. The slightest attempt to move the child makes it shriek with pain. The pupils do not react readily to light. The child moves the mouth as though it were chewing or sucking. The resemblances between the two remedies are so great as to make a selection often perplexing. Both remedies have haste in drinking water, both have crying out with pain, both have aggravation from motion, and both have constipation. At times you will find it very difficult to distinguish between the two. To separate Belladonna from Aconite is easier. The fevers caused by the two drugs are distinguished in the following manner: Belladonna does not produce fever primarily from its action on the sympathetic nervous system; Aconite does do this. Belladonna acts secondarily on the sympathetic and primarily on the cerebro-spinal nervous system, hence is of use only when that system is involved, which in children occurs very early in the case. In adults it is apt to commence as a fever, cerebral symptoms ensuing; thus Belladonna becomes the remedy. In the beginning of fever, Aconite is preferable when there is violent anguish of mind, with restlessness, tossing about, fear of death, dry, hot skin, full, bounding pulse, some hallucinations, some crying out in sleep, and some muttering or foolish talk which belongs to the fever. These cerebral symptoms result from the high temperature and not from direct inflammation of the brain. But suppose this case goes on until the brain becomes involved. The skin becomes so hot that it almost burns the examining hand, or, if you raise the bed-clothes, a hot steam seems to come forth from the patient. That is the kind of heat that belongs to Belladonna. At other times, hot sweat, particularly about the head and face, accompanies this heat. You see the sweat standing out in beads on the forehead, and if you feel it you will find that it is hot. This is not at all characteristic of Aconite. The two remedies may be, however, distinguished by the fact that Belladonna has jerking in sleep, hallucinations, visions, and courting of death rather than fear of it. This is often the case in rheumatic fever. The whole system seems to be involved, producing general fever with pain in the joints flying about from place to place. This fever is almost always associated with profuse sour sweat, which gives no relief whatever. The patient seems to soak everything about him with the sweat, and the more he sweats the less sign is there of improvement. Aconite does no good here, but Belladonna does. When the fever has subsided somewhat, and the sweat still continues, Mercurius is the proper remedy to follow.

In typhoid types of fever, Belladonna is indicated sometimes in thebeginning of the disease. It is indicated in the stage of excitement when the congestion of the brain predominates. We find furious delirium, with screaming out and violent efforts to escape from the bed or the house. The face is red, either a bright or deep red, bordering on purple; the pupils are dilated and the eyes injected. The patient is full of fear, imagining that all sorts of accidents are about to happen to him. The urine is scanty, and when passed it is usually a bright deep yellow, with or without sediment. The feet are apt to be cold. The patient now falls into a heavy snoring sleep; this is not a quiet sleep, for there is apt to be some evidence of cerebral irritation, such as jerking of muscles, twitching of limbs, and crying out. No matter how profound the sleep may be, it is never a perfectly quiet stupor; if it is, Belladonna is not the remedy. You will see from this that Belladonna is indicated, not from any changes in the brain caused by the poisoned blood, but from changes resulting from congestion or inflammation. When the disease has gone so far as to cause alterations in the fluids of the body, Belladonna is decreasingly indicated as these changes advance. Then you should have recourse to such remedies as Hyoscyamus, Rhtis tox., Lachesis, and others.

Sometimes we have a condition differing from the one already described, in which Belladonna may be the remedy. The face is pale instead of red. Now this indication is just as characteristic of Belladonna as is the red face. It is usually associated with irritation of the brain and starting in sleep. It occurs usually in summer complaint, during dentition, and in colic and in similar diseases. The pulse is either full and hard, as under Aconite, or it is slow. It is slow when the cerebral congestion is great enough to cause some pressure on the brain. Here, again, you find an illustration of the alternating effects of Belladonna. The pulse may be rapid for a while, and then it becomes slow, and so alternates.

The headaches of Belladonna are nervous and congestive. The vertigo also is congestive; the patient feels as if he would pitch forward; or he suddenly falls backward unconscious. The nervous headaches are semi-lateral, right sided, worse from 4 p. m. to 3 A. m., worse from lying down; the brain feels as if it were swashing about. The headache is worse from light, noise or any jarring. Vomiting; can't keep quiet; fidgety. The congestive headaches are of a throbbing character, with aggravation from inclining the head toward the part of the brain most markedly congested. The pains are often of a stabbing, shooting character, driving patient almost wild. When the whole head is affected, the patient sits up with the head supported so as to keep it from bending; accompanying the headache there is generally a red face, and violent throbbing of the carotid arteries. The mind is often affected; the patient becomes delirious, wild and excited, and has all sorts of hallucinations.

We have already seen how Belladonna may be indicated in inflammation of the brain. It is also a valuable remedy in inflammation of other parts of the body. For instance, we find it to be the best, though by no means the only, remedy in otitis media, or inflammation of the middle ear. This disease will perplex you at times. The symptoms are very severe. The child puts its hands to its head, and you may erroneously presume the trouble to be there. ' The pains are digging, boring and tearing in character; they are necessarily so on account of the anatomical relations of the parts affected. They come suddenly, and are very violent. They seem to shoot into the other ear, or into the head, with buzzing and roaring in the ears. Now if you examine the ear you will find the membrana tympani bulging outward, its blood-vessels very much injected; in fact, it presents a highly inflamed appearance. There is rapid formation of pus, which seeks to escape either by bursting the membrane, by the Eustachian tube, or through some internal part. In case it takes the latter course, it produces alarming if not fatal symptoms. It is your duty to recognize this disease early, while there is still a chance of saving the ear. Belladonna is believed to be our best remedy for the disease in its early stages; later, we have other remedies indicated such as Hepar and Tellurium.

Tellurium causes inflammation of the middle ear, with rupture of the membrana tympani and pouring out of pus, which may, at first, be bland, but soon becomes very offensive, having an odor like that of herring-brine.

In inflammations of the eyes, as in conjunctivitis or sclerotitis, we find Belladonna indicated by the suddenness of the attack, by the severity of the pains, and by the violence of the symptoms. There is great intolerance of light. The eye feels as if enormousl} 7- swollen.

The conjunctiva is bright red. These symptoms give you a perfect picture of Belladonna. It seems to attack the right eye more than the left. It is the intense congestion which guides us to the selection of Belladonna in eye-affections; the same remark applies equally to neuralgias in and about the eye.

Spigelia has many eye-pains like those of Belladonna, but they are left-sided, and lack the intense congestion.

AmyI nitrite is similar to Belladonna, being indicated when the eyes and face are red.

Paris quadrifolia is excellent when there are pains as if the eyes were drawn back by strings; the eyeballs feel too large (like Spigelia). Prunus has a crushing pain, or sensation as if the eyes were pressed asunder, or sharp piercing pains through and around the eye. The parotid gland is inflamed by Belladomia, especially on the right side; there are stitches, extending into the ear; the gland is swollen, hot and red; the orifice of Steno's duct is painful, as if abraded; the saliva is thick, gluey, yellowish and tenacious; mucus coats the mouth and throat with a thick tenacious layer; the tongue is white and fissured.

Belladonna produces inflammation of the throat. The Belladonna tongue is usually bright red, the papillae are enlarged or elevated, giving it a resemblance to the strawberry (and hence it has been called the strawberry tongue). At times you find the dorsum of the tongue coated with a thin white layer, through which the enlarged red papillse show. But, as the case advances, this coating peels off, leaving a bright red, highly-inflamed tongue.

The throat is a prominent point of attack in the Belladonna proving. The inflammation which it develops there is of a very common kind. Looking into the throat, you find the fauces inflamed and bright red, the tonsils, particularly the right one, enlarged, with a tendency of the disease to extend toward the left. All these S3 Tmptoms have the same rapidity of progress that we noticed with the Belladonna symptoms elsewhere. There is great contraction of the fauces and glottis, so that any attempt to swallow is followed by sudden constriction of the throat and ejection of the food through the nose and mouth. The patient makes an attempt to drink, and the moment the water touches the fauces it is ejected, and escapes in any way it can. The patient seems to be worse from swallowing fluids, more so, in fact, than from either saliva or solids. The tonsils rapidly suppurate; the glands in the neck, externally, are commonly involved, and are to be felt as hard but very sensitive kernels in the neck.

Sometimes you find a pearly-white exudate on the fauces, which is seen to be mucus and not fibrin. There is, therefore, strictly speaking, no resemblance between the Belladoiuia inflammation and that characteristic of diphtheria or membranous croup, so that when Belladonna is administered in diphtheria it must be indicated on other symptoms than those belonging to the membrane. The general character of diphtheria is that of blood-poisoning, while Belladomia does not poison the blood. When you give Belladonna in diphtheria, therefore, be certain that it is the remedy or you will lose valuable time. It may, occasionally, be the remedy in the early stages when the violence of the attack calls for it.

Let me here remind you that Lycopodium affects the right tonsil, that it produces high temperature, crying out during sleep, and awaking from sleep cross and irritable. These symptoms we found under Belladonna also; so be sure when you give the latter remedy that Lycopodium is not the one that is indicated.

Then, again, you should think of Apis. Apis is a magnificent remedy in diphtheria. The exudate is more on the right tonsil; the throat is bright red and rosy; the tongue is red and the fever very high; the skin is dry and hot, the pulse accelerated, and the patient very restless.

But, in tonsillitis or quinsy, Belladonna stands at the head of the list of remedies. Here it far exceeds Apis in therapeutic value, because it attacks the parenchyma of the organ. The inflammation caused by Apis is superficial, only involving the mucous surface. In throat diseases Belladonna forms an interesting little group with Hepar, Mercurius, Silicea and Sulphur. When, in spite of the exhibition of Belladonna, pus forms in the tonsil, as indicated by rigors and chills and by sharp, lancinating pains with throbbing, you should change from that remedy to Hepar. Bven then you may be able to prevent abscess-formation.

You should change to Mercurius if pus has already formed; the tonsil is enlarged and encroaches on neighboring parts and the breathing is labored. When pus has thus shown itself, Mercurius, given low and repeatedly, will cause a quick breaking of the abscess, relieving all the symptoms. If you give Mercurius at first you will greatly lengthen the course of your case.

Sometimes you must have recourse to Silicea when the abscess has discharged and refuses to heal. Pus keeps on forming and grows dark and foetid and disagreeable to the taste.

In some of these cases Silicea fails; then you should interpolate a few doses of Sulphur, which generally has the desired effect. It may be necessary to have recourse to Fluoric acid.

There is another remedy that has been used to some extent, namely, Amygdala amara. The drug causes a dark red injection of the fauces, uvula and tonsils, with sharp pains, causing considerable difficulty in swallowing; sometimes they are so severe as to make the patient cry out. If these symptoms are present the drug may be used in diphtheria. I have myself cured cases of this disease with Amygdala amara alone when there were present this dark red color of the throat, the sudden sharp pains, and marked general prostration. Amygdala develops the prostrated, tired feeling which is incident to the first days of diphtheria.

Belladonna is of use in oesophagitis with sense of constriction; there are painful swallowing and breathing. Veratrum viride, Rhus tox. and Arsenicum are also remedies sometimes indicated in oesophagitis. In gastric symptoms, Belladonna is called for when there are cramplike pains in the stomach, worse during a meal; stitching pains; must bend backward and hold the breath; burning. These gastralgic pains always go through to the spine. Pressure is a prominent gastric symptom; it is worse after eating and comes also at times when walking.

Calcarea ostrearum has pressure as of a stone, relieved from motion. Chininum arsenicosum has caused pressure in the " solar plexus " with tender spine just behind it.

Bismuth has gastralgia going from throat to the spine, relieved by bending backward. It thus closely simulates the Belladonna case, but lacks the extreme nervous and febrile excitement; Bismuth is inclined to be cold, with pale face, although the pain may be accompanied by anxiety and restlessness.

In inflammation about the abdomen w 7e sometimes find Belladonna the remedy ; for instance, in peritonitis, whether accompanied by metritis or not, and whether or not it is of puerperal origin. The symptoms which call for it are: commencing t3anpanites; the abdomen is swollen like a drum, and very sensitive to touch, so much so, in fact, that the patient wants all the bed-clothing removed. The least jarring in the room makes her worse. For instance, if you should unexpectedly kick your foot against the bed in walking near her, you cause her to wince and complain bitterly of pain. You will also notice the pungent heat of which I have already spoken. The abdomen feels extremely hot to your hand. On raising the bed-clothes there appears to issue forth the hot steam to which reference has already been made. There is marked cerebral irritation. The lochial discharge is apt to be scanty or suppressed.

Tilia Europea is a drug that I feel certain has not received due credit from the profession. It is useful in puerperal metritis when there is intense sore feeling about the uterus; there is also marked bearingdown with hot sweat which gives no relief.

A remedy very commonly used by allopaths is Terebinthina . Now, the symptoms which this drug has actually produced are: bearing down in the uterine region; burning like fire about the hypogastrium; burning on urinating; dark, cloudy, muddy urine. In these cases the tongue is apt to be dry and red.

For this feeling of soreness in the uterus Dr. Jeanes used a preparation of honey with salt, Mel cum sale. He used it in the third or sixth attenuation. His key-note for the selection of the drug was a feeling of soreness in the t^pogastric region extending from ilium to ilium - This is an important indication in uterine displacements and in the commencement of metritis.

Under Belladonna, the urine is yellow and clear; turbid with red sediment, or profuse. There may be involuntary urination in sleep. This latter suggests the use of the drug in children. It will not often disappoint you when the other symptoms concur. There is not a true atony present, but a relaxation of sphincters and an over action from the loss of balance of the longitudinal muscular fibres. There is a feeling in the bladder as of a ball rolling there (also Lachesis and perhaps Lycopodiurri)

, tenesmus of the bladder; strangury; dark, turbid and fiery red urine; frequent desire to urinate with scanty discharge of urine. In enuresis with actual relaxation look to Plantago major, Causticum, etc. Belladonna may have to be followed in these cases by Calcarea ostrearum, Sulphur or Silicea. Kreosote is indicated in enuresis especially when the patient urinates when dreaming of the act. Hyoscyamus should also be considered.

We have next to speak of the action of Belladonna on the skin. It causes at first an erythema, a bright scarlet redness of the skin; the skin becomes exceedingly sensitive to the touch. Sometimes, this erythema consists in a uniform blush over the entire surface of the body such as we have in the Sydenham variety of scarlatina. At other times it has an erysipelatous appearance, coming, as it does, in streaks which start from some central point and radiate in all directions, the, color usually being very bright, the swelling rapid with early involvement of the cellular tissue beneath the skin, and in some cases rapid formation of pus, which burrows deeply into the cellular tissue. Thus you have a true picture of phlegmonous erysipelas. With these symptoms you do not often find development of vesicles or pustules. Instead of this you find the surface smooth, shining and tense. Pains are violent and sharp. They are of a lancinating and stinging character and are usually associated with a great deal of throbbing, particularly if the deeper parts are involved in the inflammation. If the erysipelas should attack the face, it almost always begins on the right side, with a tendency to extend toward the left. There is almost always a tendency manifested. Do not confound this cerebral irritation with metastasis of erysipelas to the brain. It is a simple irritation caused either by the amount of fever, by the severity of the pain, or by the poisoning of the blood, or possibly all three; but it is not a true metastasis. If metastasis should take place, Belladonna may still be called for. If, however, Belladonna fail in these cases, we have other remedies; for instance, Lachesis, when cerebral metastasis : 7 fails to yield to Belladonna, the face is of a purplish or bluish hue rather than of the bright or deep red of Belladonna. The patient is weaker, the pulse more rapid and lacking in force, and there is more drowsiness than we find under Belladonna.

Still another concordant remedy is Crotalus, which is very similar to Lackesis—-so similar, indeed, that I cannot give you any points of distinction between the two.

Cuprum is to be thought of for this metastasis, if the patient is threatened with convulsions. There are vigorous contractions of the flexor muscles.

Ailanlhus suits when there is profound stupor and the face is livid and mottled. Apis and Sulphur also come within this sphere. Returning now to the erythema of Belladonna, we learn that when the condition becomes general, it suggests the employment of the remedy in scarlet fever. In this disease, it is indicated, first of all, by this bright rosy hue of the whole body; secondly, by the irritation of the brain and this of an active kind, the symptoms ranging from a simple starting from sleep or twitchings of individual groups of muscles to the most violent delirium with shrieking and jumping out of bed. The rash itself must be of the smooth kind. Belladonna does not cause a miliary rash. Vomiting is violent. Belladomia produces vomiting just as severe as that of Ipecacuanha; particularly is it indicated in cerebral vomiting. Throat symptoms are prominent. There is bright red swelling of the throat, the tonsils are glistening, the tongue has the strawberry appearance, or if it is coated, the coating is thin and the elevated papillae show through. The pulse is full, strong and accelerated, and there is great restlessness, as you might expect. You ma}' have swelling of the glands, particularly of those about the neck. You may have suppression of urine or copious urination. Either of these conditions is incident to the Belladonna case. The drowsiness or sleep is not that of clearly marked coma. There is not the sleepiness or stupor that is developed by poisoned blood, in which condition the brain is so imperfectly supplied with oxygen that it loses its activity. That is not the Belladonna condition. The Belladonna sleep may be profound; the patient may snore; he may sleep " as heavy as a log," but the sleep is not quiet and passive. He cries out in his sleep, the muscles twitch, the mouth is in constant motion as if chewing; there is grinding of the teeth. In fact there are almost always present symptoms showing that there is irritation of the brain of an active character. When the patient is aroused -from sleep he is violent, looking around the room wildly, and striking at those about him. When, however, the disease from its very onset is of a malignant type, or when it becomes so despite Belladonna, you cannot change too soon to some other remedy. You must at once select another, such for example as Lachesis, Rhus tox., or Hyoscyamus. Lachesis has, in these cases, many symptoms similar to those calling for Belladonna. We find in both remedies, crying out during sleep, restlessness, irritability •on awaking, strawberry tongue, redness of the whole surface of the body, suppressed urine, sore throat and vomiting. But wherein do they differ ? They differ in the very essence of the disease. In the case of Lachesis, the disease is adynamic and the blood poisoning is profound. The cerebral symptoms do not develop to a Belladonna furore, but there is more stupor. The skin-eruption has not the bright erythematous hue of Belladonna, but it is either pale, purplish or bluish. It is apt to be irregular, coming out imperfectly. The throat shows you not only enlarged glands externally, but swelling of the connective tissue all around, in the tissue about the fauces as well as in them. The affected parts are rather of a purplish color. If there is a tendency to the formation of pus which is offensive Lachesis is even better indicated.

Rhus tox. often precedes Lachesis, particularly when cellulitis is a complication and before it has assumed that purplish hue. The inflammation is of a low type. The rash is of the miliary variety (also Hyoscyamus, Stramonium, Bryonia and Lachesis).

Returning again to Belladonna, we find that it sometimes fails in cases of the Sydenham variety of scarlatina, although the symptoms seem to call for it. The remedies to be thought of in this case are these: Sulphur, which, just as strongly as Belladonna, produces a smooth erythema of the entire surface of the body, and may, in fact, sometimes be indicated in the beginning of the case.

Calcarea ostrearum, which is complementary to Belladomia, often completes what that remedy only partially cures. So in scarlatina, we find it indicated when the rash comes out under Belladoyina but begins to pale off. The face becomes pale and bloated. The cervical glands are swollen. The urine is scant}' or even suppressed, and the brain symptoms suggestive of Belladonna may yet be present.

And Lycopodium which comes in when the child grows stupid and yet still awakes screaming in affright, is cross and strikes its attendants.

Another action of Belladonna on the skin is the production of boils or abscesses. You may give it in mastitis or inflammation of the mammae. It is here indicated by the violence of the symptoms, by the radiating redness, by the throbbing and tendency towards suppuration. The same symptoms call for it in abscess of any kind and in any situation. Even a bubo which is specific in its character may call for Belladonna if the symptoms are of the violent character already mentioned, and it will here do good service for the time being. We also find it the remedy for boils that recur in the spring. Belladonna may be used successfully in the summer complaint of very young infants. We find it to be the remedy when there is crying or screaming hour after hour without any assignable cause. We find it also indicated in indigestion of infants, associated with sharp pains, suddenly screaming out and bending backward, not forward as under Colocynth. Sometimes the transverse colon is so distended that it protrudes like a pad in the umbilical region. This symptom sometimes occurs in lead colic. Then, too, we find Belladoima indicated in diarrhoea. It is particularly suited to a dysenteric diarrhoea, that is, a diarrhoea from cold with enteritis, the discharges being associated with considerable tenesmus (for you must remember that Belladonna has great affinity for sphincter muscles) , the discharges being slimy and bloody. In summer complaint the stools are yellowish or green, and contain lumps looking like chalk, consisting no doubt of fat and casein.

You must remember Belladonna as complementary to Chamomilla in this colic and diarrhoea of infants.

In neuralgia, Belladonna is indicated when the pains come on suddenly, last a longer or shorter time, and then as suddenly disappear; the pains are lancinating, burning, tearing and shifting. They are worse from motion, light, noise, or the slightest jar, and from lying down; and are better when sitting up. In prosopalgia the right side is mostly attacked, especially the infraorbital nerves, and the face is hot and red. In sciatica the pain is worse in the hip-joint at night, compelling change of position. All these pains, as well as the fevers, are apt to show exacerbation at 2 or 3 p. m., and again at 11 p. m. The power of this drug to excite neuralgic pains in any of the spinal nerves has led to its recommendation in the atrocious pains which mark the beginning of locomotor ataxia.

In neuralgia compare Aconite, Amyl nitrite, Cactus grand., Verbascum, Platina and Ferrum carbonicum. The last named has vascular excitement, red face, etc., which are very similar to Belladonna. Belladonna is very often called for in the treatment of convulsions. Epilepsy is readily modified by it, and at times cured. So is that dread disease, puerperal eclampsia. And spasms of children during dentition, from repelled eruptions, etc., keep the remedy in almost daily demand. In all these cases the cerebral symptoms are prominent. Hot head, flushed face, throbbing carotids, starting from sleep in terror, etc., foam at the mouth having an odor of rotten eggs. The convulsive movements may be a combination of emprosthotonos and opisthotonos; or the patient, usually a child, becomes suddenly rigid, stiffens out, with fixed, staring eyes. In puerperal cases the woman is unconscious, and each pain re-excites the spasm. Between them she tosses about, moaning and crying, or lies in a deep sleep. In teething children the gums are swollen and the mouth is hot and dry. In epilepsy we should remember Absinthium, which causes congestion of the cerebral meninges and the medulla and even produces a fibrinous exudate under dura mater. Hallucinations are terrible; brilliant eyes; epilepsy, followed by obtuse state of the mind, a dazed condition. Epileptic vertigo or momentary unconsciousness. Artemisia vulgaris is botanically similar to Absinthium, and helps in epk lepsy occurring after fright, and when numerous attacks follow one another rapidly. Great restlessness is characteristic of Absinthium, Artemesia, Cina, Chamomilla and other members of the order composite.

In ailments during dentition compare: Kreosote, child worries all night; must be patted and tossed all night; teeth decay rapidly. Colchicum, stools changeable; convulsions during teething, reflex from abdominal irritation. Cina, convulsions, face pale, child stiffens out; restless. Dolichos, gums intensely sensitive; seem to itch. Althusa, swollen red gums; vomiting of curdled milk, followed by stupor, etc. Glonoiti to Belladonna is similar in child-bed; Chamomilla in children, cross, face red, hot sweat. Opium, dark red face, sopor, especially after fright.

We come now to speak of the action of Belladonna on the female genital organs, upon which the drug has a decided action. It causes constant and violent bearing down, worse on lying down, and relieved by standing. Sei>ia is opposite to this, and Acoriite has bearing down, worse from rest and relieved by motion.

Under Belladonna the menses are early and copious, bright red, and attended with cramp-like tearing pain in the back, arms, etc. ; throbbing headache; most intensely painful congestive dysmenorrhoea; bearing down; cutting pain from behind forward or vice versa; menstrual flow, which, without any apparent cause, is offensive; lochia offensive without apparent cause. Uterine haemorrhages; blood pours out and feels hot; uterine haemorrhage with bearing down in the back; leucorrhcea with this bearing down; spasmodic contraction of the os uteri, which feels hot and very tender; pain in the back as if it would break. Labor-pains come and go suddenly; pains violent but ineffective.

Belladonna may be used during labor when the os does not dilate on account of a spasmodic condition of the cervix. The labor-pains are violent and cause great distress, and yet the child does not advance. The examining finger finds that the os remains rigid and spasmodic. A few doses of Belladonna will usually be sufficient to correct the trouble. Gelsemium should also be remembered in rigidity of the os uteri.

On the respirator} 7 tract Belladonna has some action. It causes cough from tickling in the larynx, as from dust; face red, eyes sparkling; cough dry, hacking, coming in very violent attacks; cough with dryness and tightness in the upper part of the chest, worse just after lying down in the evenings and at night. The mechanical concussion of this cough is more severe than the existing cause warrants, which is in keeping with the violence of the drug's action. The sputum is composed of blood-tinged mucus. Larynx sore and hot internally, worse from pressure. Burning in the chest; sticking pains from coughing and motion, but not affected by breathing. The pains are worse under the right clavicle. Pressing in the chest and between the scapulae, with dyspnoea, walking and sitting.

Calcarea ostrearum also has cough just after lying down. Phosphorus differs from Belladoima in having the irritation lower down in the respiratory tract. It has more rawness, and the larynx is sore, worse from talking or pressure thereon. In Belladonna it is only sore from pressure.

Under Causticum the cough is tickling; the voice is almost gone; there are soreness and rawness of the trachea, but not of the chest. Rumex has dry cough from tickling in the supra-sternal fossa, aggravated by the least cool air or by deep inspiration.

With Cepa the cough causes a feeling as if the larynx would split; it makes the patient cringe; coryza.

Lachesis has cough from tickling lower down than in the Belladonna case, and is aggravated by the slightest pressure of the clothing. Belladonna acts in muscular tissue and also in the joints. It is one of our best remedies both in acute and chronic rheumatism. The affected joints are swollen, red, shining and often have red streaks radiating from them along the limbs.. It is one of our best remedies for stiff neck caused by cutting the hair, getting the head wet or sitting with the head and neck exposed to a draft. Bryonia, Nux vomica and Guaiacum are nearly related in this affection.

Belladonna is complementary to Calcarea ostrearum. It is antidoted by Cojfea, Nux vomica and Opium. Hyoscyamus antidotes its abuse in skin affections and cough.

Patient lives in a world of his own, engrossed by specters and visions and oblivious to surrounding realities. While the retina is insensible to actual objects, a host of visual hallucinations throng about him and come to him from within. He is acutely alive and crazed by a flood of subjective visual impressions and fantastic illusions. Hallucinations; sees monsters, hideous faces. Delirium; frightful images; furious; rages, bites, strikes; desire to escape. Loss of consciousness. Disinclined to talk. Perversity, with tears. Acuteness of all senses. Changeableness.

Deadly Nightshade Belladonna acts upon every part of the nervous system, producing active congestion, furious excitement, perverted special senses, twitching, convulsions and pain. It has a marked action on the vascular system, skin and glands. Belladonna always is associated with hot, red skin, flushed face, glaring eyes, throbbing carotids, excited mental state, hyperæsthesia of all senses, delirium, restless sleep, convulsive movements, dryness of mouth and throat with aversion to water, neuralgic pains that come and go suddenly (Oxytropis). Heat, redness, throbbing and burning. Great children's remedy. Epileptic spasms followed by nausea and vomiting. Scarlet fever and also prophylactic. Here use the thirtieth potency. Exophthalmic goitre. Corresponds to the symptoms of "air-sickness" in aviators. Give as preventive. No thirst, anxiety or fear. Belladonna stands for violence of attack and suddenness of onset. Bell for the extreme of thyroid toxæmia. Use 1x (Beebe).

Worse, touch, jar, noise, draught, after noon, lying down. Better, semi-erect.

Vertigo, with falling to left side or backwards. Sensitive to least contact. Much throbbing and heat. Palpitation reverberating in head with labored breathing. Pain; fullness, especially in forehead, also occiput, and temples.

Headache from suppressed catarrhal flow. Sudden outcries. Pain worse light, noise, jar, lying down and in afternoon; better by pressure and semi-erect posture. Boring of head into pillow; drawn backward and rolls from side to side. Constant moaning. Hair splits; is dry and comes out. Headache worse on right side and when lying down; ill effects, colds, etc; from having hair cut.

Red, bluish-red, hot, swollen, shining; convulsive motion of muscles of face. Swelling of upper lip. Facial neuralgia with twitching muscles and flushed face.

Throbbing deep in eyes on lying down. Pupils dilated (Agnus). Eyes feel swollen and protruding, staring, brilliant; conjunctiva red; dry, burn; photophobia; shooting in eyes. Exophthalmus. Ocular illusions; fiery appearance. Diplopia, squinting, spasms of lids. Sensation as if eyes were half closed. Eyelids swollen. Fundus congested.

Tearing pain in middle and external ear. Humming noises. Membrana tympani bulges and injected. Parotid gland swollen. Sensitive to loud tones. Hearing very acute. Otitis media. Pain causes delirium. Child cries out in sleep; throbbing and beating pain deep in ear, synchronous with heart beat. Hematoma auris. Acute and sub-acute conditions of Eustachian tube. Autophony-hearing one's voice in ear.

Imaginary odors. Tingling in tip of nose. Red and swollen. Bleeding of nose, with red face. Coryza; mucus mixed with blood.

Dry. Throbbing pain in teeth. Gumboil. Tongue red on edges. Strawberry tongue. Grinding of teeth. Tongue swollen and painful. Stammering.

Dry, as if glazed; angry-looking congestion (Ginseng); red, worse on right side. Tonsils enlarged; throat feels constricted; difficult deglutition; worse, liquids. Sensation of a lump. Œsophagus dry; feels contracted. Spasms in throat. Continual inclination to swallow. Scraping sensation. Muscles of deglutition very sensitive. Hypertrophy of mucous membrane.

Loss of appetite. Averse to meat and milk. Spasmodic pain in epigastrium. Constriction; pain runs to spine. Nausea and vomiting. Great thirst for cold water. Spasms of stomach. Empty retching. Abhorrence of liquids. Spasmodic hiccough. Dread of drinking. Uncontrollable vomiting.

Distended, hot. Transverse colon protrudes like a pad. Tender, swollen. Pain as if clutched by a hand; worse, jar, pressure. Cutting pain across; stitches in left side of abdomen, when coughing, sneezing, or touching it. Extreme sensitiveness to touch, bed-clothes, etc (Laches). Stools.––Thin, green, dysenteric; in lumps like chalk. Shuddering during stool. Stinging pain in rectum; spasmodic stricture. Piles more sensitive with backache. Prolapsus ani (Ignatia; Podoph).

Retention. Acute urinary infections. Sensation of motion in bladder as

of a worm. Urine scanty, with tenesmus; dark and turbid, loaded with phosphates. Vesical region sensitive. Incontinence, continuous dropping. Frequent and profuse. Hæmaturia where no pathological condition can be found. Prostatic hypertrophy.

Testicles hard, drawn up, inflamed. Nocturnal sweat of genitals. Flow of prostatic fluid. Desire diminished.

Sensitive forcing downwards, as if all the viscera would protrude at genitals. Dryness and heat of vagina. Dragging around loins. Pain in sacrum. Menses increased; bright red, too early, too profuse. Hæmorrhage hot. Cutting pain from hip to hip. Menses and lochia very offensive and hot. Labor-pains come and go suddenly. Mastitis pain, throbbing, redness, streaks radiate from nipple. Breasts feel heavy; are hard and red. Tumors of breast, pain worse lying down. Badly smelling hæmorrhages, hot gushes of blood. Diminished lochia.

Drying in nose, fauces, larynx, and trachea. Tickling, short, dry cough; worse at night. Larynx feels sore. Respiration oppressed, quick, unequal. Cheyne-Stokes respiration (Cocaine; Opium). Hoarse; loss of voice. Painless hoarseness. Cough with pain in left hip. Barking cough, whooping cough, with pain in stomach before attack, with expectoration of blood. Stitches in chest when coughing. Larynx very painful; feels as if a foreign body were in it, with cough. High, piping voice. Moaning at every breath.

Violent palpitation, reverberating in head, with labored breathing. Palpitation from least exertion. Throbbing all through body. Dichrotism. Heart seemed too large. Rapid but weakened pulse.

Stiff neck. Swelling of glands of neck. Pain in nape, as if it would break. Pressure on dorsal region most painful. Lumbago, with pain in hips and thighs.

Shooting pains along limbs. Joints swollen, red, shining, with red streaks radiating. Tottering gait. Shifting rheumatic pains. Phlegmasia alba dolens. Jerking limbs. Spasms. Involuntary limping. Cold extremities.

Dry and hot; swollen, sensitive; burns scarlet, smooth. Eruption like scarlatina, suddenly spreading. Erythema; pustules on face. Glands swollen, tender, red. Boils. Acne rosacea. Suppurative wounds. Alternate redness and paleness of the skin. Indurations after inflammations. Erysipelas.

Restless, crying out, gritting of teeth. Kept awake by pulsation of blood- vessels. Screams out in sleep. Sleeplessness, with drowsiness. Starting when closing the eyes or during sleep. Sleeps with hands under head (Ars; Plat).

A high feverish state with comparative absence of toxæmia. Burning, pungent, steaming, heat. Feet icy cold. Superficial blood-vessels, distended. Perspiration dry only on head. No thirst with fever.

Compare: Sanguisorba officinals 2x-6x, a member of the Rosaceæ family, (Profuse, long-lasting menses, especially in nervous patients with congestive symptoms to head and limbs. Passive hæmorrhages at climacteric. Chronic metritis. Hæmorrhage from lungs. Varices and ulcers). Mandragora–– (Mandrake). A narcotic of the ancients-Restless excitability and bodily weakness. Desire for sleep. Has antiperiodic properties like China and Aranea. Useful in epilepsy and hydrophobia, also Cetonia (A. E. Lavine). Hyos (less fever, more agitation); Stram (more sensorial excitement, frenzy); Hoitzia-A Mexican drug, similar in action to Bellad (Useful in fever, scarlatinal eruption, measles, urticaria, etc. High fever with eruptive fevers. Dry mouth and throat, red face, injected eyes, delirium). Calcar is often required after Bell; Atropia. Alkaloid of Belladonna covers more the neurotic sphere of the Belladonna action (Great dryness of throat, almost impossible to swallow. Chronic stomach affections, with great pain and vomiting of all food. Peritonitis. All kind of illusions of sight. Everything appears large. Platina opposite). Hypochlorhydria; pyrosis. Motes over everything. On reading, words run together; double vision, all objects seem to be elongated. Eustachian tube and tympanic congestion. Affinity for the pancreas. Hyperacidity of stomach. Paroxysms of gastric pain; ovarian neuralgia. Non-Homeopathic Uses.––Atropia and its salts are used for ophthalmic purposes, to dilate the pupil and paralyze the accommodation. Given internally or hypodermically, it is antagonistic to Opium and Morphine. Physostigma and Prussic Acid. Narcotic poisons and mushroom poisoning. Renal colic 1-200 of a grain hypodermically. Atropin injected subcutaneously in doses from a milligram upwards for intestinal obstruction threatening life. Hypodermically 1-80 gr night sweats in phthisis. Atropia 1-20 gr is antagonistic to 1 gr. Morphine. Also used as a local anæsthetic, antispasmodic, and to dry up secretions, milk, etc. Hypodermically 1-80 gr night sweats in phthisis.

Atropia Sulph, 1-120 to 1-60 grain. Antidotes to Belladonna: Camph; Coff; Opium; Acon. Complementary: Calc. Bellad (contains lime). Especially in semi-chronic and constitutional diseases. Incompatible: Acet ac.

Belladonna

Generalities and modalities: Belladonna is a remedy that takes hold of the system with great violence. It is especially suitable to plethoric, vigorous individual, and intellectual people brainy people have complaints coming on suddenly, providing they are in a substantial state of health, and are reasonably plethoric and vascular.

The complaints of Belladonna come on suddenly, run a regular course, and subside suddenly. The pains and suffering come on suddenly and with great violence, and subside suddenly.

Colds ultimate rapidly, run a sharp course, a course of great violence, and subside sudden. Belladonna especially affects the whole vascular system, the heart, lungs, brain and nervous system.

Among the earliest conditions to examine is the heat. It has inflammations of all the organs, especially the brain, lungs, and liver. The intestines are also involved as well as the other organs. These inflammations are always attended by violent heat; the heat is some thing unusual.

It is more marked in Belladonna than in almost any other remedy. When you put your hand upon a Belladonna subject you will suddenly withdraw it, the heat is so intense.

The memory of the heat is carried in the hand and fingers for some time.

Pains, inflammations, and sufferings, nightly attacks of delirium, violent attacks inflammatory in character are attended with that kind of heat. No matter where the inflammation is, there is that same intense heat, There are times, though, when that kind of heat is present, and it is not Bell., and that is when the fever is of the continued type.

Fever: Bell. has no continued fever in it. It is true the older books tell you about Bell. for this violent heat in typhoid and some other continued fevers, but if you examine Bell. from beginning to end you will find nothing continued in its fever.

Its fever is remittent. It never comes on in its complaints gradually like typhoid. It has not the gradual rise and the gradual fall like a continued fever.

I only mention that so that you will not be lost. Our lamented Hering, one of the ablest teachers the world ever had, classes Bell. for typhoid fever when the delirium and the heat are somewhat like Bell., but let me tell you just what will take place.

When you give Bell. for the delirium in typhoid fever - for such a delirium as looks like Bell. you may subdue the delirium, but other manifestations will rise in that fever. You will not subdue the fever, but you will subdue the patient. The patient will be sick longer, will go into a greater state of prostration than if you had let that delirium alone. But Stramonium fits perfectly Hering's description of a case in which he says Bell. should be given.

The idea of that heat must be well fixed in the mind.

Heat, intense heat, violent heat.

There is another phase of Bell. that runs all through these inflammatory complaints and its fevers.

The inflamed parts, and very commonly the skin, are very red, and, as the inflammation advances, grow dusky; as the fever advances the face becomes mottled; but the first representation of Bell. is bright red, and the skin is shiny. An inflamed part than can be seen will be red. In inflammation of glands the skin over the glands will be bright red in spots.

Hence red spots in the neck over inflamed glands. Inflammation of the parotid glands, inflammation of the sub-maxillary glands, inflammation of the glands of the neck, there will be a spot as red as fire over each.

The throat is as red as scarlet. The mucus membrane is inflamed, and red as scarlet. After a little it grows dusky, finally mottled; showing the character and direction of the Bell. constitution.

It travels gradually towards a zymotic state, such as we see in scarlet fever, in low inflammatory conditions; at first intense congestion, but vasomotor paralysis follows.

Intense congestion and blueness, or purple and mottled.

Burning: Another grand feature of Bell. is present in its inflamed parts, and in its painful parts, whenever Bell. brings out anything like a decided action, it has burning; intense burning. The burning in the throat with a Bell. sore throat is like a coal of fire. Inflammation of the tonsils, burning like fire.

The skin burns, and it is burning hot to the sensation of the patient, and intensely hot to the doctor. The skin burns in scarlet fever. He says, "It burns so, doctor, it burns so;"

in bilious or remittent fever. In inflammation of an organ, the skin burns, there is a burning fever, and the part itself burns.

Inflammation of the bladder, with burning. Congestion of the brain, and the head burns. Congestion of the throat, and the throat burns. It is hot locally, and it also burns subjectively. In gastritis there is burning.

In inflammation of the liver, the liver burns. Congestion of the liver with jaundice, and the liver burns. Now, we have three leading features; do not call them "key notes," for that is not what I mean; heat, redness and burning.

We will see how they modify the whole feature of the sickness, how they permeate and ramify, and how they take meaning.

Swelling: But, that is not all. We have much swelling in Bell. The inflamed parts swell rapidly; are extremely sensitive to touch; are very painful, with the sensation as if they would burst, with pressive pains, stinging and burning. There is heat, redness and burning in these inflamed parts, as well as swelling. Swelling, stinging, burning, throbbing. All over he throbs with all congestions and inflammations he throbs. The part itself throbs, and his carotids throb. When children are sick in bed with congestion of the brain, they have an intensely hot head. If old enough to talk about it, they will say "it burns." But then we will notice the throbbing. The temporal arteries and the carotids pulsate, with great violence. A turmoil is going on. An earthquake is taking place. Everything is being shaken when the patient needs Bell.

It is one of the most painful of remedies. It is so sensitive to pain. So sensitive that be suffers more than ordinary people do from the pain. And, remember, the pains comes suddenly, they re longer or shorter, and they go suddenly. They do this in neuralgia; they do this in inflammatory conditions, they do it in inflamed organs; they do it wherever they come.

Pains, tear, shoot, burn, and sting, and press, and smart, all at once. All of these characteristics are bundled up into one bundle, so that he suffers.

All of his pains are worse from motion, worse from light, worse from a jar, worse from cold. He wants to be wrapped up warmly, and is worse from any exposure or a draft.

The headaches are like many of die other pains; it feels as if the brain was going up and down, tearing and burning at every step he takes, and from every motion of the eyes, or turning the eyeballs, or going up stairs, rising from, his seat, or sitting down; all motion creates violent pains; feels as if the head would burst, as if the eyes would be pressed out. If he moves he starts the heart to pulsate on his sore parts and he calls them "hammering pains."

Wherever that pain is he cannot have it touched. If it is touched it will throb. If uncovered it will become worse. If some one walks across the floor, the jar makes him worse.

The jar of the bed, if he is in bed, is a common aggravation of Bell. If he is so sick that he is in bed, the jar of the bed makes all of his complaints worse.

You go to the bedside of a patient suffering from, an inflamed liver, and he will not let you put your hand on the bed, for the jar makes him worse. If the pain is in the abdomen; if it is an inflamed uterus; if it is in confinement, it is the same. This aggravation from the jar is such a marked feature that it is not always confined to inflammations. It is often a modified in a state of nervous hyperesthesia.

A woman in confinement, when there is no inflammation, and none threatening, is in such a state of hyperesthesia that she wants the windows closed to keep the air out; she does not want to be touched; she does not want the bed moved, any little jar aggravates; she is so sensitive to a jar, even when there is no sensitive part.

You go to such a case, and you will realize in time that you are going to have a difficult and painful labor, without Bell.

But with a dose of Bell. all of these complaints pass away quickly, so quick is the action of this medicine. The jar of the bed will often reveal to you the nature of the remedy. If you walk to the bedside of a patient suffering from gallstone colic, with violent pains, he cannot have the bed touched.

His face is red, his skin burns, he cannot be touched, he is in excruciating, agony, and he tells that before you have crossed the room, You see it all. He says, "Don't touch the bed, doctor."

That is a special feature; the aggravation from a jar is marked.

Spasms: general spasms and local spasms. Spasms of little canals, of the circular fibers, of tubular organs, like that I have spoken of in the gallstone colic.

In the ductus communis choledochus there is a clutching - or it may be in the cystic duct that the circular fibers, clutch that little bit of stone and will not let it through.

The passage is large enough to admit it and it has started to go through - but the irritation of the part causes a spasm and it clutches, that little stone; you put a dose of Bell. on his tongue, the spasm lets up, stone passes on, and there is no more trouble; in fifteen minutes the gallstone colic is gone.

There is never a failure in homoeopathic prescribing in gallstone- colic. The symptoms are not always Bell., but in this instance, where that horrible sensitiveness is present, it is Bell. "Convulsions in infants."

They are violent and are usually associated with cerebral congestion. The skin is always in a state of fever. They are brought on from light, from a draft of cold air, from the infant becoming cold. Nervous, brainy children, those with a good sized head, and plump, large-headed boys; boys especially, but also girls that have boys' heads, when exposed to the cold have convulsions. Light, motion and cold will bring on these convulsion.

The Bell. subject as an individual, like Bry., is worse in all his complaints from motion. Motion brings on convulsions, motion brings on pain; motion increases the action of the heart and brings on throbbing; motion brings on many complaints and increases the sufferings. Now think of these generals whenever you come to Bell. This idea of Bell. must prevail. No matter how many little symptoms you accumulate, get at these first.

Mind: The mental symptoms of Bell. are delightful to study, but dreadful to look upon. The mental symptoms are such as come on in intense fevers, such as are observed in maniacal excitement, in delirium.

Excitement runs all through. Violence runs all through the mental symptoms. The mental symptoms are all active, never passive. There is no passive delirium in Bell. It is a wild state. He is wild; striking, biting, tearing things; doing unusual things; doing strange things; doing unexpected things. He is in a state of excitability. These mental symptoms that come on during fevers, the delirium and excitement, are very commonly ameliorated by eating a little light food.

That is not generally known in Bell., but it is quite a strong feature. But remember the violence, and with it, if you go to the bedside where there is this violent delirium, keep in mind the heat, redness and burning.

Full of imaginations. Sees ghosts, and spirits, and officers, and wild things. In the early part of the fever the delirium is very violent and excitable; but as it passes on he goes into a sleep, a sort of half-slumber a semi-comatose state.

Apparently in a dream, and he screams out. Dreams horrible things. Sees in his dreams the things that he talks about. When he has real sleep, or resting, as near as it is for him to rest, he has violent dreams; night-mare.

Sees things on fire. He is in a delirium, and in torment. He becomes stupid at times, appears to lose consciousness. Loses the memory of all things and then becomes wild. His delirium goes ort when he appears to be sleeping.

These symptoms often occur with cerebral congestion, the violent cerebral congestion of the infant. If they are old enough to talk they will talk about the hammering in the head.

In Bell. the infant also commonly remains in a profound stupor, the profound stupor that goes with congestion of the brain pupils dilated; skin hot and dry; face red, throbbing carotids. Finally the child becomes pale as the stupor increases and the neck is drawn back, because as it progresses the base of the brain and spine become involved, and the muscles of the neck contract; drawing the head -backwards; and he rolls the head; eyes staring, pupils dilated. This mental state is associated with scarlet fever and with cerebro-spinal meningitis.

Again, these mental states take the form of acute mania, when the patient will bite the spoon; will bark like a dog; will do all sorts of violent things; even jump out of the window. He has to be restrained, put in a strait-jacket. The face is red, and the skin is hot, and the patient at times says that he burns all over, or that the head burns, and the head is very hot. During all this time the feet are cold. Head hot, feet cold, or feet and hands cold as ice. It seems all the blood is being hurried to the head. All sorts of delusions and hallucinations are mingled with the acute mania; ghosts; horrid monsters; strange things, and deformed subjects. Fear of imaginary things, and wants to run away. In the delirium of Bell. he wants to jump out of the window, wants to run, wants to get away from his attendants. He thinks they are doing him injury.

Throughout the acute mania, and throughout the delirious state, all the manifestations partake of violence. Destructiveness.

The Bell. patient in the most acute state must be watched, controlled, handled, and sometimes tied. In the text it describes these states as "rage, fury."

He wants to do violence.

"Moaning. Instead of eating, bit wooden spoon in two, gnawed plate, and growled and barked like a dog. A boy violently sick ran around the room laughing immoderately."

It has an insane laughter. A loud, boisterous laughter.

"A piece of bread, which he took to be a stone, he threw far from him. He turns and rolls in bed in a perfect rage. Aversion to noise and company."

Aversion to light; is better in the dark. At times a more passive state intervenes between these attacks of violence.

The active time is always that of violence; but there is sometimes a more passive state when the patient will sit or lie in bed and tear the bed clothing, or break anything that she can get her hands on. If it is a stick, she will break it up. Running all through the complaints, whether delirium, fever, or pains, there is starting. Starting in sleep like an electric shock. just as soon as he falls asleep a sensation like an electric shock throughout the body.

"Starts in fright at approach of others. Fear of imaginary things, wants to run away from them." "Great anxiety"

runs through the remedy. As a patient comes out of these attacks of delirium, as he comes out of convulsions, fear is depicted upon the face. The patient is in great excitement; the circulation is in a state of great excitement; the heart is in great excitement; motion and emotion increase the beating of the heart.

It may have been gleaned that Bell. is a remedy that is over sensitive; a state of hyperesthesia extreme irritability of tissues. This is said to be an increased irritability of the nerve centres. This develops a state of increased ability to taste, and to smell and to feel; excibility of the sensorium.

Sensorium: Sensitive to impressions. Sensitive to light, to noise, to touch, to jar. The sensorium is violently excited.

Excessive nervous irritability stands out, perhaps, as one of the most prominent features of Bell. in contrast with medicines like Opium that deprive the patient of all sensitivity. The more congestion there is in Bell. the more excitability. The more congestion there is in Opium the less excitability.

And yet they are very similar in many respects; very similar in aspect; in the appearance of the eyes and face; similar in pathological states. If I were to prescribe on the pathological state, the congestion of the brain, the appearance, without taking in the intensity of the one or other, I would not be able to distinguish between Opium and Bell.

They often antidote each other. But we do not prescribe on pathology, but upon symptoms, after careful individualization.

"Vertigo," with this intense excitability. Turning in bed, or moving the head makes him dizzy. "Things go round."

"Vertigo with pulsations."

Moving the head increases the pulsation, and the vertigo. The patient lies in bed; cannot hold the head up.

This increase sensitiveness especially applies to the scalp. We notice it particularly in the woman. She cannot have the hair bound up. It is often the case that Bell. patients will not have the hair combed or brushed.

"Lets the hair hang down the back;" so sensitive is the scalp.

"Hair feels as if pulled. Does not want the hair touched."

There are some remedies that correspond to extreme irritation in very sensitive natures; like Hepar, where she faints with the pain; like Nitric acid, when cannot bear the noise of vehicles going along the street, because it creates such violent sufferings; like Coffea, where footsteps aggravate all the complaints; he was so sensitive to pain that the noise of one entering the door when he was on the third floor aggravated his sufferings intensely, though no one else could hear it.

In Nux vomica, even the sound of footsteps increases the pain all over the body. Bell. has in its nature all this sensitiveness to pain. It is a part of the general sensorium; the who bodily state is intensified.

The Chamomilla patient is oversensitive to pain, but we do not need to sympathize with the Chamomilla patient, he will fight it out himself. But you will pity the Belladonna patient, you will pity the Pulsatilla patient, and the Nitric acid patient.

A strange part of it also is the reactive excitability. The reaction to medicine is so quick and so sudden that I have many times heard a patient say, before I had turned my back away from the bed, "That medicine has relieved me," so quick is the reaction.

In many medicines reaction is slowed down, but in Bell. it is intensified. So it is in Nux vomica and in Zincum. When the case is very acute, but sometimes also when the case is somewhat chronic, this sensibility is marked.

Cuprum is so sensitive all over. It has sensitive warts; it has sensitive skin, sensitive polypi, everything sensitive; and it is so sensitive in its reaction that, when it is needed, partially indicated remedies will not work, because the patient is so oversensitive to everything that everything overacts.

The smallest dose, the mildest dose, the simplest dose overacts and everything aggravates. Odors aggravate; well selected remedies disturb instead of cure.

Cuprum tones down, relieves that sensitivity, and well-selected remedies will then act curatively and long. Cuprum lacks it in that high state of congestion - it is not like Bell. in that; Cuprum does not have that sensibility along with the active fever and congestion, the throbbing and disturbance of the circulation; but it has it in a chronic state.

Women and children are so sensitive that they get no sympathy and it is not suitable for hysterical ones either, but those that are not able to control themselves perfectly. Such is Cuprum. We have medicines that are suitable to sensitive people, and especially sensitive women. Sensitive to odors, sensitive to every conceivable influence.

The doctor who will go out and take care of these poor sick little mortals, who understands their nature, perceives their quality, and relieves them of their suffering will command the whole community, in spite of the reputation of all the doctors that are there before him.

He must not be one who measures everybody by his own sensorium he may be a pachyderm, but he will find patients that are sensitive.

Head:This sensitivity is present in most of the Bell. headaches. There are stabbing pains, throbbing pains, shooting pains, all in connection with congestion.

They are all sensitive to motion, to every jar, to light, even to the winking of the eyes; sensitive to draft. Bell. will be indicated when the head is rolling - the patient rolling the head because the pain is so severe he cannot keep still, although the motion increases the headache.

A child lies and turns and tosses its head with congestion of the brain, screaming out with the brain cry, a sudden shriek. After awhile it wakes up and commences to toss the head, and every few minutes it shrieks with that brain cry; it is going into a stupor, the neck is drawn back, the face is flushed, it is now becoming pale. There are times of stupor, and in that stupor the child cries out. In all brain troubles we must be careful about feeding much, or overloading the stomach, because the stomach is very feeble. It will not digest much, but the food should be well selected and light.

Great heaviness of the head. The head feels like a weight, and is drawn back. Sometimes we see the head drawn back from contraction of the muscles of the neck when the membranes of the upper portion of the spine are involved. Again, we see the Bell. patient drawing the head back himself, because drawing the head back often ameliorates the violent headaches. This amelioration is kept up so long as he holds the head back. Aggravated from bending the head forward when sitting, from bending the head forward when standing, or stooping. It feels as if the brain would fall out or push forward. This in creases the headache so much that it sometimes turns into knife-like, or hammering pains. These are the expressions used. Sensation of nails and hammers, jagging and tearing; but with all, pressure and throbbing. When rising from a seat these sensations are all intensified. Throbbing pulsation, like hammers hitting the inside of the sore skull, described by patients as if the inside of the skull was one continuous sore and was being pecked by hammers with every pulsation.

Some times it will settle down while sitting still, or while lying; but rising up from a chair will set that hammer going.

"Expansive" is an expression that is often used by the patient, and it was used by the provers. Expansive sensation, as if the head was enlarged; pressure from within out.

All these headaches are relieved by pressure upon the outside. Sudden touch or pressure will aggravate; but pressure that is gradually increased and brought to bear carefully upon the head will ameliorate, like the pressure of a bandage, or a tight-fitting cap.

Again, all of these headaches are brought on by exposure to the cold air; from standing in the cold air with the head uncovered. Sometimes a severe headache will come on from merely having the hair cut. Congestion of the head lasts for days, with throbbing and pulsating; from having the hair cut.

Ear troubles, chest complaints, rheumatic complaints come on from having the hair cut, or from standing in the cool air with the hat off; so sensitive is the head to cold.

It may be said of this remedy that complaints of various parts of the body come through the head and go downwards, Complaints in the lower extremities, rheumatic complaints of the joints, with great redness and swelling, come on from uncovering the head, from exposure of the head, or from getting the head wet, or from being caught in a shower.

There is one complaint which will puzzle you if you ever meet it and you do not know just what I am going to tell you.

The complaints of Bell. in a general way are ameliorated from rest, and aggravated from motion; but there is a kind of restlessness with tearing pain from the hips down, most troublesome to observe, that keeps the patient walking all of the time.

The instant there is rest the pains come on. They sometimes shoot downwards, they sometimes tear up and down the nerves; and this comes on from exposure of the head, and not from getting the feet wet.

Complaints of Aconit and Pulsatilla come on from getting the feet wet, and these complaints rise upwards, come on through the feet and go upwards and affect the head.

Bell. complaints come on from exposure of the head and go downwards; sometimes affect the head sometimes the chest sometimes the stomach, sometimes centre in the abdomen, sometimes centre in the uterus and ovaries. Rhus has complaints from getting wet, but the complaints are in the parts that are wet. If he gets the legs wet he will have rheumatism in the legs.

There is a vast distinction, and this distinction has to be made in almost every prescription you will make. Homoeopathy is a matter of individualization as to how complaints spread. Some complaints begin on the right side of the body and spread to the left.

Some complaints begin in the top of the body and go downwards. That is the way this remedy acts. In some remedies the exposure of the feet to an ice cold draft mill bring on headache (Silic.); but in Bell, the exposure will bring on a headache, or neuralgia of the lower extremities. Now that pain that comes on from rest is an exception in Bell. That illustrates again the importance of distinguishing very decidedly between generals and particulars.

Without knowing "Generals" and "Particulars" you will never do accurate prescribing. The lower extremities here are the particulars. The patient and the general condition of the patient are ameliorated by rest; the symptoms of the patient are ameliorated by rest.

All of those symptoms that can be predicted of the patient himself are ameliorated by rest, but the pains of the lower limbs, as described, those neuralgic pains are ameliorated by motion, and come on in rest.

That does not mean that all the pains in the lower extremities are ameliorated by motion, because the pains in rheumatism are invariably ameliorated by rest, and aggravated by motion. Those tearing pains, from the hips downwards, with no swelling, come on during rest. All remedies are full of freaks, and it is the figuring out of these peculiarities that enables us to do good prescribing.

With all the complaints of Bell. do not lose sight of the congestion upwards.

"Rush of blood to the head. Cold extremities." Cold feet, cold hands; hot head.

Eyes: Inflammatory conditions of the eyes. "Glistening eyes. Dilated pupils. Flushed face. Intense redness of the inflamed part." Inflammation of all the tissues of the eyes, the lids, and all the parts of the eyeball, with most violent pain. Heat, redness, and burning. These three strong features that run through the remedy will be found in the eye sufferings. Pulsation, tumefaction, lachrymation; intense pains; sufferings all worse from motion, and worse from light.

Most intense photophobia.

"Flashes of light and flickerings before the eyes," When reading, lines appear crooked.

"Dimness of vision, or actual blindness." Intense congestion and fullness of all the parts. "Apoplexy of the retina. Half-opened, protruding, staring eyes."

You will see that in the infant when the child lies in a stupor; eyes half open; congestion of the brain; face flushed and intensely hot; rolling the head from side to side; if it has been going on for several days the face will - later become pallid, and the neck drawn back.

In these congestive troubles, lying with the eyes half open; almost no winking.

"Orbital neuralgias. Protruding eyes, with dilated pupils. Inflammation of the optic nerve and retina. Eyes congested and red."

Another feature belonging to the eye is strabismus. Not those cases coming on gradually, such as will, need the surgeon, but those that come on with congestion of the brain, with this state of congestion and dilated pupils and rolling the head from side to side, flushed face, throbbing carotids and intense heat. After a day or two the eye begins to turn in, and the little one is cross-eyed. That is an additional indication for Bell. Sometimes, coming out of a severe congestion, the strabismus remains and Bell. is sometimes the suitable remedy. All of these cases coming on from the circulatory, conditions should be cured with remedies. They should never be sent to the surgeon. Though they re some time, even months, they will be cured by well-selected remedies, while those that come on gradually, and those that are born so, will not be relieved by remedies.

Only those spasmodic ones mat are associated with, and come on from, congestion of the brain. In connection with congestion of the liver and duodenal catarrh there is yellowisness in the eyes.

Ears: In inflammations of the ear which go on to suppuration Bell. is rarely useful. We have to look to deep acting remedies.

We may have the pain, tenderness, over sensitiveness, all inflammatory conditions; but cases requiring Bell. rarely go on to suppuration.

Mucous: Now we come to the mucous membranes, the nose, mouth, throat, larynx, chest, the mucous membrane extending into the car through the Eustachian tube, and we have another strong feature of Bell. which characterizes most of its conditions.

Great dryness; a sensation of dryness. Dryness in the nose; mouth; of the tongue; in the throat; in the chest, and such evidences as dry cough and spasmodic conditions.

These are so general. that with the nose symptoms, the coryza, the throat symptoms, the cough, this is intensified; dryness of mucous membranes will generally be found. It is that way with Phos.

When Phos. has a sore throat it will have dryness of the mouth, tongue and air passages. This is general as to the respiratory tract. Then there is coryza with much sneezing, "Pricking, burning in the nose."

Hot sensation in the nose. The general states present Much redness of the face, much heat with the coryza; hot head, cold extremities; marked headache, because there is dryness. The very dryness itself is sometimes causative of pain, because the natural flow from the mucous membranes is dried up.

Whenever we have checked secretions we have fever, and in Bell. this is marked. Checking of the discharge with fever, with heat, redness and burning; red face, burning face; heat in the face and head, and cold extremities. It says in the text, "maddening headache, with suppressed catarrh." Now, in such a climate as this most people during winter and cold weather and the changes have more or less mucous flow from the nose, and eyes, and air passages.

They are better when this takes place. All at once it stops, and all the parts become dry; then look out.

An awful, maddening, throbbing headache comes on. It is not so suitable for those old catarrhs where there is a copious flow of thick, yellow mucus.

The catarrhal state wherein Bell. is useful is simply the exaggeration of the whitish mucous flow. Where it has been thick and yellow, and then stops suddenly from a cold, and a coryza comes on, Bell. is worthless.

Always bear in mind that you select for suppressed catarrh a medicine that is within the sphere of the symptoms that have been suppressed. Hence, the medicine for thick, yellowish-green discharges might be Merc., Sulphur, or Pulsatilla; then you are within the range of medicines capable of re-establishing the flow, and at the same time beginning a curative effect on the state of the tissue, leaving the patient in a much better state.

Face: Violent faceaches. Rending, tearing pains in the face; throbbing pains in the face. Pains in the face worse on the right side; worse from a jar; with much heat; throbbing carotids; hot head; brought on from exposure to cold wind, and riding in the cold wind.

Bell. has cured paralytic conditions, but Causticum is generally the remedy for paralysis of the face from riding in a cold wind. Spasms of the muscles of the face.

Extraordinary twitchings of the face. Erysipelas in the face; a bright red gradually becoming purple if there is a fever accompanying it. In the neuralgic pains there is always more or less congestion of the face with violent pains, and the face will be bright red.

With the zymotic state, as the febrile condition becomes more profound, and as the blood becomes more zymotic, the face grows from duskiness into a mottled state, as you will see in Baptisia, more marked in Baptisia than in Bell. "Red face, with burning heat."

The teeth are full of pains, congestions, and aches of a similar character. Very sensitive teeth. The tongue should be a dry tongue, as that is general with its mucous membranes. Dry mouth; dry tongue; swollen tongue; protruding tongue, dry and hard, feels like leather.

Loss of sensation, loss of taste, loss of power of the tongue and loss of speech are all Bell. features.

"Paralytic weakness of the tongue; trembling of the tongue when it is protruded."

It comes out weak, In a very few days the Bell. fever patient is greatly reduced, is greatly exhausted, has almost a paralytic weakness. When he raises the hand and holds it a moment it trembles in the same way.

That which is found in the tongue is only a part of the general state. Trembling from congestion of the nerve centers. The papillae of the tongue are erect, and the tongue is bright red. Bright red tongue in scarlet fever. Bright red tongue in congestion of the brain, with the erect papillae. When going over Arum triphyllum I told you it had been pronounced "strawberry tongue." It is the same with Bell. The tongue looks as red as a strawberry, and the papillae stick up like seeds.

"Red streak in the middle of the tongue, wide and broader towards the point. Tongue, white centre with red edges."

White tongue with brain affections is not uncommon. It has thick, milk-white, delicate fur all over the tongue in brain troubles. "Dryness of the mouth, with thirst."

"Dryness of the mouth, with no thirst." Bell. is full of thirst, we will find when we come to study the stomach symptoms.

Stomach: Sometimes Bell. wants large quantities, sometimes water constantly to wet the mouth, like Ars.

It is a common feature in Bell., like Ars., to want water little and often, just enough to wet his parched tongue, mouth and throat.

Dryness in posterior nares, and the mucus that he drags down from the posterior nares is tough and stringy, and very scanty, and it is white, or, if changed at all from white, it is bloody. Yet I have not said anything about this remedy for bloody discharges and for bleeding. We will find before we finish that it is a haemorrhagic remedy, that parts bleed easily.

There is bleeding from the eyes, bleeding from the nose, bleeding from the throat, bleeding from the larynx, bleeding from the chest, bleeding from the bladder, bleeding from the uterus. Ulcers bleed. Little fine ulcers in the throat no bigger than a pinhead. Little aphthous patches bleed. An aphthous inflammation of the throat; but the most of the complaints of the throat are dry and red.

Great tumefaction. Extremely sensitive; much swelling; inability to swallow. Great pain on swallowing, with all the sensitivity of the surrounding parts, with the sore throat, and with the inflamed throat.

Inflammation and swelling of the tonsils, with red face, intense heat, throbbing carotids, high fever, coming on from cold. Fauces and pharynx deep red. Soft palate and tonsils swollen.

Swallowing painful, particularly of fluids. Speech thick.

"Feels like a lump in the throat" that is from the swollen tonsils.

Constant scraping and hawking in the throat. The pharynx and larynx are very commonly in a state of spasm; partly from dryness, partly from extreme sensitiveness of the nerves of the part. Clutching of the throat on going to sleep, clutching of throat on coughing. Spasms of the oesophagus.

"Spasmodic constriction of the throat." Constrictions that are spasmodic.

Constrictions of the larynx, of the pharynx, of the throat. Bell. has constructive pains in parts that feel like the clutch of fingers. That sensation of clutching is felt in the uterus; it is a spasm. It is felt, in the liver; it is felt in the brain; it is felt in the throat. Jerking and twitching of muscles, with violent pain, in painful parts.

That is a strong Bell. feature. Patients sometimes in their inability to describe their feelings will say, "Doctor, I feel a clutching in there." This constriction that comes in the sore throat occurs just in the act of swallowing fluids or solids, and that action will force the food and fluids up into the nose, and sometimes out of the nose.

Some remedies have it as a paralytic condition, because the muscles of deglutition are paralyzed and they do not favor the natural contracting actions to force the food down the oesophagus, and in that way the food is forced up into the nose and causes strangling.

In Bell., in its acute states, its inflammatory conditions and its spasms would distinguish it from Lachesis, where it occurs as a paralytic condition after diphtheria, and from Alumina, which has a spasm of the oesophagus.

These are slow in coming on Bell. is early. The early part of the fever is the time of its irritation. The latter part of the fever is the time of its relaxation. Rapidly forming aphthous patches upon the tonsils.

With the sore throat such as we have described you will nearly always find an enlargement and inflammation, or soreness of the glands, under the jaws about the neck. Tenderness along with a Belladonna sore throat is a natural concomitant.

A strange feature running through the Bell. fevers of all sorts is an unconquerable craving for lemons, and lemon-juice. Lemonade seems to agree sometimes. In acute diseases when they crave lemon it is good for them.

They often crave things to eat. You must not be so violently temperate and in favor of prohibition that if a patient longs for beer in acute sufferings you will not give it.

"Thirst for water changed into thirst for beer." Thirst for things that could not be endorsed in health, even.

"Excessive thirst for cold water."

In the stomach and bowels we have inflammatory conditions which can all be grouped as one. Pain, burning, distress, distension; sensitive to a jar, and to the slightest motion, and to the slightest pressure.

Sensitive to a jar, and sensitive to motion. "Pain in the stomach extending through to the spine."

Inflammation of the stomach from becoming chilled, with intense heat; with much burning. It has violent colic, intense cramping pain in children. Face red and hot; pain relieved only by bending forward.

There are exceptional in stances where it has been relieved by bending backward, when it is similar to Dioscorea. The mother finds that by holding the child on her hand it will relieve the colic.

That is like Colocynth; but Colocynth is without much fever, without much thirst, a pain in one spot, an intense colic in the abdomen ameliorated by doubling up, ameliorated by bending across something hard, is Colocynth. In that instance Colocynth can be prescribed on that one group of symptoms.

"Great pain in the ileo-coecal region; cannot bear the slightest touch, even the bed clothes." There are instances where Bell. is the remedy in appendicitis.

Stools: Belladonna has dysenteric troubles. Diarrhoea, with scanty fluid stool; marked straining, but with it the face is flushed. Heat, redness and burning in the face and head. Cold extremities, with hot head. Much straining, but passes scanty stool.

"Spasmodic constriction of sphincter ani; with hemorrhoids."

Hemorrhoids that are violently painful, that are intensely red, that are greatly swollen and inflamed, a high grade of inflammation; cannot be touched; must lie with limbs wide apart, the hemorrhoids are painful and there is much burning.

Bladder: No remedy has a greater irritation in the bladder and along the urinary tract than Bell. The urging to urinate is constant.

The urine dribbles, and it burns intensely along the whole length of the urethra. The whole urinary tract is in a state of irritation. Bell. has cured inflammation of the bladder. With the irritation and the congestion there is all the sensitiveness to pressure we find in any other part where Bell. is indicated; sensitive to a jar. irritable state of the mind, irritable state of the whole nervous system.

"Tenesmus of the bladder. After passing urine sits and strains," in torment.

The urine is diminished, bloody, sometimes pure blood, or little blood clots. A considerable quantity of blood in the bladder comes away in little clots.

"The urine looks as if mixed with brick dust, or streaks. Strongly acid."

There is a spasmodic retention of urine and. there is involuntary passing of urine. Dribbling of urine in brain troubles. During sleep, dribbling of urine.

Dreams that he is passing urine, and involuntarily passed it. Retention of urine after shock, or from congestion of the brain, or after confinement. Bladder full; great pain; great sensitiveness.

Involuntary dribbling while standing and walking; or sometimes from mere motion the urine spurts. The urging is violent and sudden. When a little urine has collected in the bladder he has a sudden, painful urging.

Much of the trouble is at the neck of the bladder, and it is spasmodic. He feels the spasmodic clutching. At the time of the urging, and at other times, he has spasm of the neck of the bladder, from shock, from cold, from anxiety, from mental disturbances.

When becoming old, or chilled, or in very cold air, women lose their urine, like Dulcamara and Causticum. Starts in sleep, and wets bed. Dreams of a fright, which causes a starting, and she wets the bed. On going to sleep, a sudden electric shock goes through the whole body, and she wets the bed.

Bell. is rich with such strange little peculiarities; but it only shows the general spasmodic condition and the general irritability of the whole Belladonna constitution.

We see those strange conditions and states, the irritability in all parts of the body, especially where there are sphincters, where there are circular fibres clutching in thy neck of the bladder; clutching at the mouth of the vagina; constriction of tubes. Constriction of the uterus. Here we see a special marked feature of it, in the neck of the bladder. It has more troubles in the woman than in the man; that is in the symptoms and conditions in relation to the female sexual organs, and to parturition, and to the breasts, and during the period of gestation there are many conditions where Belladonna will be needed. It is really an important remedy for the nervous sensitive woman, the woman of irritable fiber.

Genitals: In the male genitals we have scarcely any important symptoms; but with the female there are many, and some very distressing ones. They have symptoms of great suffering, of great excitability, The parts are sensitive; the uterus and ovaries are congested, sore to touch, sensitive to jar. Irritable uterus, until it has become enlarged and painful, and sore to the touch.

Sometimes it remains in this state after parturition. Or, after every menstrual period it is a little larger, and remains. It does not return to its normal state, but remains congested, and the woman feels all through the interim as if she was menstruating.

Bruised feeling; sensitive to a jar. The flow is copious and clotted. But the most striking feature here is the uterine haemorrhage. Uterine haemorrhage from congestion, with spasms, with great sensitiveness.

The uterus contracts with violence, hence, a spasmodic contraction. Great soreness, with a copious flow of bright red fluid mixed with clots, is the characteristic of the Belladonna flow. It is like Sabina in that respect. Those two medicines have that in a high grade. The uterus fills with a clot, and then comes a contraction like a labor pain and expels it; for a while a copious flow of fluid; and then contractions like labor pains come on again, expelling the clots, and then comes the flow.

The blood clots soon, and the haemorrhage is attended with great exhaustion. Now this occurs almost without any provocation. This haemorrhage occurs also in connection with abortion, Belladonna is a great remedy to check the haemorrhage in connection with abortion or from any cause whatever where the symptoms of sensitiveness are present.

Sensitive to touch, sensitive to a jar; the patient herself is in that state of irritable sensitiveness, great nervous excitement manifested both when awake and in sleep, often with fever.

Haemorrhage, with febrile conditions, but usually the haemorrhage takes the place of the fever, and commonly if there is haemorrhage it will relieve the fever.

It is also a great remedy for haemorrhage after confinement. The blood feels hot. Haemorrhage, with hour-glass contraction. It is not an uncommon thing for the placenta to be grasped in its middle by a, contraction like an hour-glass tearing it loose here and there, and from below comes the bleeding; a copious flow of blood. Bell. relieves this hour-glass contraction.

It has also the most violent dysmenorrhoea. Pains like labor-pains. Spasmodic labor-pains. Circular contractions are the commonest forms in Bell.

All of the fibers should take part uniformly and do their work uniformly, and thereby gradually bring to bear a tightening upon the contents. In Bell. it is just like a cord going around the body of the uterus, tightening it and it interferes with labor.

That is the way it is in its dysmenorrhoea. Violent contraction of the circular fibers, and hence, a woman will often describe it as feeling as if the uterus was clutched with a string. As if it were tightened. Bell. is rich in spasmodic conditions, in haemorrhagic conditions, in states of irritation, and in soreness, and the parts are sensitive to pain, and the woman herself is dreadfully wrought up and shocked by pain.

In addition to that, pains in the ovary. Belladonna acts in many instances on the right side. It is common for the right ovary to be more painful than the left, or the right to be entirely affected and the left not at all, in Belladonna. So it is with the right side of the throat. So it is sometimes in the right side of the body. "Pains in the ovaries with the appearance of the menses. Pains in the pelvic region, which come on suddenly, and cease as suddenly."

The characteristic Belladonna pains come on suddenly, sometimes stay a few seconds, sometimes a few minutes, and leave suddenly. Pains from uterine congestion. Acute inflammation of the uterus.

"Enlargement of the uterus, and periodically spasmodic bearing down,"

It has a relaxation in the parts as well. The uterus has been congested and is enlarged, and heavy, and the little suspensory attachments have become relaxed, and tired, and weak, and have stretched and elongated, and the already distended and over weighted uterus keeps pulling on them, and this creates the sensation that women so often describe, a bearing down sensation as if the uterus would escape. It is sometimes described as a funneling sensation. These are the expressions of women when they suffer from prolapsus. That relaxation is common in a great number that have been poisoned with Ergot.

The uterus comes down and is partly exposed between the labiae. Prolapsus as if the whole inner parts were coming out is a common feature, and with this she is worse from a jar. There is a great sensitiveness in the parts. There is a great soreness in the uterus, and a sensation of heaviness. I have seen women sit with their limbs wide apart so sensitive is the neck of the uterus that is protruding from the vulva. "Must sit; cannot lie down."

Many of the Bell. cases cannot lie down, because of the stretching of the abdominal muscles. When they lie down they must draw up the limbs to relax those muscles.

Must sit, or take a flexed posture. Great sensitiveness in the parts. Pressing and urging towards the genitals.

There are all sorts of positions, and aggravations, and ameliorations in Belladonna, in accordance with what particular muscles are involved. Some patients can lie better than they can sit. Almost all are worse standing. Some are made better by sitting with the limbs, wide apart. Most are aggravated by bending forward too much. Sitting in a chair she cannot bend forward too much, neither can she bend backwards without increasing the suffering.

So sensitive, and so much swelling in these parts. She is worse from motion, worse from jar, worse from excitement, worse from the slamming of the door, because that makes the muscles twitch.

All this illustrates how sensitive the irritated parts are. Then in the external and internal genitals and ovaries there is burning, and twitching, and much heat. Often tearing pains; the tearing pains are generally an exaggeration of those clutchings and constrictions, and such are known as spasms especially of the circular fibres.

Belladonna is well suited to pregnant women who are extremely sensitive, who are plethoric, who have congestion from taking cold, who have soreness, where there is threatened abortion, or during or after abortion when there are hemorrhages.

Then again Bell. is useful in red-faced plethoric, vigorous women who have married late in life and become pregnant, and when the day of delivery comes the muscular fibres are in a state of tension.

The uterus will not relax. She is flushed and has heat, and is in a state of excitement, sensitive to touch, sensitive to jar.

Relaxation will soon follow. It is not to be expected that she will have an easy labor, because women who marry at 28 or 30, or later, suffer from prolonged labor.

There is one strong feature of the hemorrhages and, of the discharges; the flow of blood feels hot. During confinement gushes of blood that feel hot. After abortion, gushes of blood that feel hot.

A lochial discharge that feels hot, along with the sensitiveness and soreness of the parts. Tenderness to pressure.

There are inflammatory conditions of the breasts accompanying confinement. Milk fever. When the breasts become red, extremely sensitive to touch.

She cannot turn over in bed; she cannot have the bed jarred, the face is flushed and the carotids are throbbing; there is fever; the sensitivity is aroused throughout the economy. Great induration; hard as a stone. Bell. will stop the pain in the breast in a few hours. It will stop that congestion, and, will relieve all suffering. When the mammary glands are inflamed without any general symptoms but merely an inflammation of the glands give Phytolacca.

Larynx: Inflammation of the larynx. There is that clutching again and choking. It begins with arawness in the throat a smarting, and scraping, and the formation of a little mucus. After much scraping and hawking, it extends up the throat a little but before, he begins to cough it is quite dry.

There is smarting, and loss of voice. As soon as he attempts to go into a sleep, that clutch comes on and wakes him up. Hoarseness and rawness and clutching in the throat.

Laryngitis with sensitiveness.

"Sudden attacks of hoarseness;"

every motion, or the slightest attempt to talk, the slightest effort to move the larynx or to touch it causes suffering.

Moving the head backward, or moving the head from side to side, causes pain and cough. Swallowing aggravates. As the bolus goes down behind the larynx he feels a great big sore place, it is the larynx. The voice changes.

One minute it is one key, and in another it changes. Sometimes it is hoarse and sometimes it is squeaky. And then, there is complete loss of voice, unable to utter a sound.

"Croup-like spasms in the larynx. Spasms of the glottis. All the symptoms of croup," but no membrane.

It is simply a dry, denuded larynx, with rawness and scraping; an inflamed condition. And this is the form of the acute laryngitis; it comes ort very suddenly. His respiration is short, rapid and painful. Often asthmatic.

Chest: Asthmatic condition, with spasmodic breathing. And again, these symptoms seem to involve the whole chest. Oppression of the chest. Asthma in hot damp weather.

The Belladonna cough comes on from clutching in the larynx. As it a little speck of something had crept into the larynx; a little dust, or a little food, or a drop of water had gotten into the larynx, and he coughs.

"Dry, spasmodic cough."

An intense cough. Cough at night. Cough when lying down, more at night than in the daytime. The cough is spasmodic, barking, short. It is a remedy for whooping cough, with spasms of the larynx which cause the whoop and difficulty of breathing.

Finally after long coughing, the expectoration of a little blood, or a little thin white mucus, is the result of the violent turmoil going on in the air passages from coughing. The Belladonna cough is peculiar.

As soon as its great violence, and the great effort have raised a little mucus he gets peace for a little while, and stops coughing. But during the restful period the larynx and the trachea, and the air passages grow dryer and dryer, and finally they commence to tickle, and then comes on the spasm, as if all the air passages were taking part in it, and the whoop and the gagging, and sometimes vomiting.

Then he gets up a little mucus and the cough subsides. Another little interval and he has another spell. That is the way its goes on, like whooping cough, but during, all of the interim there is constant dryness. Hence the cough is called paroxysmal.

Tightness in the chest, Painfulness in the chest. Soreness in the chest. In Bell. the child will cry the instant it feels that urging to cough, because it knows what a great suffering is going to take place. The chest is so painful, the child dreads the cough and screams. By the child's cry we know that it is going to have a coughing spell . Just like, Bry.., Hepar and Phos., which have that feature more, than other remedies. There is burning in the chest; violent congestion in the chest; With all of these chest complaints there is that dry, harassing spasmodic cough; worse at night.

This remedy cures pneumonia and pleurisy. I am sure every one here could picture a Belladonna pneumonia, or a Belladonna pleurisy. I am sure you know the patient so well that I need not describe the patient, the head, the congestion, the red face, or the burning; but in pleurisy I will tell you its secret. Bell. prefers the right side. Great pain; extreme soreness of the part; cannot lie on it; worse from the jar of the bed and you have the Bell. pleurisy.

Bry. also prefers the right side, but the Bry. patient must lie on that side; must have pressure, and is not so sensitive to a jar; he has not the intense heat, he has riot the great throbbing, and the burning.

Every kind of sickness that you go to you have to individualize in that way. There is no other way to practice Homoeopathy.

Remember, with all the inflammatory conditions there will be throbbing heat redness, burning, soreness to touch, and sensitiveness to a jar. With Bell. it means he cannot lie on the inflamed part; while with Bry. he is ameliorated from lying on the inflamed part.

Throbbing in all the arteries. Great congestion. Vascular excitement. These are present with all the congestions, and inflammations.

Joints: Belladonna cures inflammatory rheumatism, when all the joints are swollen, or a great number of them, and they are hot, red, and burn.

We have in the rheumatism the heat, redness and burning running through; with the same sensitiveness of the whole patient, and a sensitiveness of the joints to the jar of the bed. He wants to lie perfectly still is very much worse from motion and has considerable fever. Sometimes when the fever in inflammatory rheumatism runs pretty high there is delirium. But the striking features are the swelling of the joints with the redness, and great sensitiveness to motion and to a jar.

It is especially suitable to those that are very sensitive to cold, who cannot bear the least uncovering, cannot bear a draft, very sensitive to the motion, of the covers, and ameliorated by heat.

The very stamp and character of Bell. is in its rheumatic state, like it is in all of its other complaints. It is the patient that has given Bell. that character in provings; it is the patient that gives disease that character when he had it, and it is only the fulfillment of the Law of Similars when these come, together, and the remedy annihilates the sickness.

Inflammation of the joints, coming on from sudden exposure of that particular joint. Or from a severe attack of cold one joint becomes inflamed. A trouble that is localizing itself. It may be any joint- of the body, for Bell, affects all the joints.

The sudden exposure to cold in plethoric individuals, is one of the most prominent. causes of the Bell. sickness. In chronic cases the taking of cold generally, locates, or creates, a disturbance, and increases disorder, that manifests itself in the weakest place. Vigorous people take cold in the nose, where they throw it off easily. You can often say to sickly patients that your cold now affects you in the weakest place. If you have liver trouble, "your cold will settle in the liver," and so on; "but when you get well you will take cold like other people, in the nose."

Absolutely healthy people seldom take cold, but we do not have many such, they are so rare that we do not often see them; and the snuffles, and sneezing, and the running at the nose are simply throwing off of the cold of ordinarily healthy people.

Limbs: In the limbs, again, we have convulsions, which is a part of the generals. In all the muscles in the limbs, and throughout the body, convulsions.

Children go into convulsions with head troubles, with congestion of the brain, with irritation of the brain. Convulsions from taking cold, in plethoric children, and the limbs are most, likely to show forth these convulsive efforts of the muscles. Violent cramping. All the limbs are in a state of convulsive movements. Sometimes the spasms are clonic, and sometimes tonic. The convulsions in the limbs are sometimes such as draw them up, suddenly, throw them out suddenly; sometimes convulsions that throw the body backward, called opisthotonos, and sometimes throwing the body forward, called opisthotonos. The most of the complaints in Bell. are ameliorated by keeping still. The drawing pains, the pulsations, the inflammatory conditions drive the patient into a desire for perfect rest, are aggravated from motion.

The disinclination and aversion to the slightest motion is common in Bell., and as strong in Bell. as in Bry. Bell. is so sensitive in parts that the motions of talking are painful; so sensitive that the conclusion of the voice is painful in the sore spots.

A person with a strong voice, a bass voice, hardly thinks of the concussion that takes place; and much less is that of the female voice, and yet I have seen that aggravation from motion, and that aggravation from jar so marked in the female that her voice was like the pounding of hammers. In inflammation of the uterus, and ovaries, and the bowels, she refrains from talking, because her voice creates a concussion in the sore parts.

That only illustrates the extremes of this great sensitiveness to motion and to jar. Jar is only an exaggerated form of motion, bringing out that sensitiveness.

If you will study the nerves you will find the greatest array of peculiar nervous manifestations, such as sensitiveness of the nerves, aggravated from shock; spasms; various disturbances of the whole nervous, system; twitching; jerking; trembling; subsultus tendinum, etc. Cramps, and spasms, and convulsions in children.

Convulsions: Convulsions come on, with great suddenness.

They come on entirely unexpected. In most instances of convulsions in the long acting remedies and medicines of the zymotic type, the patient has not been prospering in the last days of her gestation; but with Bell. she goes on part way through the labor, or finishes it, and little is expected.

Perhaps her face is a little too red, but she goes into a convulsion unexpectedly, a violent one from head to foot.

Congestion of the brain, with excitement. Intense heat; everything is intense, violent, sudden and unexpected.

The pains sometimes leave in confinement suddenly, and a convulsion comes on. But look and see that all the sensitiveness that I have described runs through the patient.

The pains cease suddenly. The blood seems to mount to the head. The face becomes red. Congestions come on suddenly. Convulsions epileptiform in character.

Bell. is not suitable for those numerous recurrent complaints, even though the single attack should be mitigated with Bell. Take any of these attacks; whether they are convulsions or headaches, or congestion of the brain, they are running down and become excitable, take on congestive attacks of the head, go right to bed, and roll the head.

You treat those with Bell.; the attack is relieved. Take notice, I start out by saying this is only one of a series. You may not know it. This may be the first one.

You reduce that one, and when that same exposure comes again, that same attack comes back; but Bell. does less this time than it did before. After two or three attacks Bell. will do no more and you are worse off this time than you were before.

When it has broken the first one the physician should see that this is one of a series, and that Bell. is not suitable. Often it is a case that needs Calc., I say often, not always.

All the symptoms should be examined between the attacks, so that the child may be elevated above these attacks because the acute remedy will do no more than suit the first, or second, or third at most. It has not the depth of action, it has not the length of action. It does not affect the economy profoundly enough. It passes away after a few days; has to be frequently repeated. The patient should be followed up and watched in all these recurrent spasmodic and periodical complaints. Bell. is not a good remedy for recurrent complaints for it lacks periodicity, just as it lacks continuance of complaints. Even if the first attack looked like Bell.. the next attack would come back just the same.

Belladonna is suitable in those complaints that if conquered have no tendency to recur; those complaints that end in death or recovery. It will only mitigate those complaints that are periodical.

Sleep: Its sleep is a congestive sleep, a stupor; full of dreams full of violence. Wake's with fright from a horrible dream, a nightmare. Jerks and twitches in sleep.

"Restless sleep."

Moaning and groaning in sleep. Doing all sorts of violence. Delirium in sleep.

"Starts in sleep as if frightened."

In sleep sometimes the patient will commence to talk, will talk faster and louder, the head becomes hot, and the feet cold, and he ends with a shriek.

"Restless tossing in sleep. Feet becoming icy cold in sleep. Head getting hot, in sleep. Wakes up in a fever, and excitement."

It has symptoms so much like a typical oldfashioned Sydenham scarlet fever that it has been useful in scarlet fever.

Perhaps it is one of the most frequently indicated medicines in that disease. In some seasons, at least it will run all through, and the majority of cases will be Bell. cases, with the bright red face and glossy appearance of the skin.

Bright red, intense heat, great congestion; after a short time if Bell. is not administered it will grow darker.

But running through all this are those three words, heat, redness and burning. Burning everywhere. The temperature I described among the generals as being so marked, so intense that you will carry it with you on the ends of your fingers for hours after you have touched a Bell. scarlet fever.

It differs wholly from the Apis case, which has a rough rash. Bell. is smooth and shining. Apis wants to be cool, wants to be uncovered; Bell. wants to be warm, wants a warm room; Apis has no thirst, to speak of; in Bell. it is the exception to have no thirst, generally very thirsty for water, little and often.

The intense dryness of the mucous membranes and skin. Coldness of the extremities with hot head. In Arum triphyllum there is a constant picking of the mouth, with suppressed or scanty urine; pale surface, only here and there a little rash; the itching of the fingers, toes, nose and lips will lead you to prescribe Arum.

You remember the Baptisia case, with that mental state where he is feeling all over the bed "to get the pieces together."

On the other hand, where there is no rash to speak of, now and then a patch enough to make a diagnosis, or the diagnosis is made from the fact of some one else having the disease in the family, the child is swallowing ice water, but vomiting it up when it gets warm in the stomach, who would not give Phosphorus?

So it is at the bedside we pick out the distinguishing, things and see that these remedies are not at all alike.

Bell. stands out with its heat, its redness, its turmoil. Remember it has, not continued fever; it is not suitable in typhoid. Bell. in a night will bring down the fever, will allay the delirium; but how is it the next night?

On comes the fever, and the patient is worse than he was before. Simply because Bell. cannot hold what it starts with. It is not suitable. It has not that continued feature in it. We are led to a medicine that corresponds to continuous fevers, and such must be selected when we go into the typhoid state.

Our earlier practitioners often only thought of what they saw at the time. It was only after our school had considerable experience that it was found that periodicity constitutes a symptom. Every remedy has its pace, its times of aggravation and its, times of amelioration. So it is with Bell. . Its time is 3 o'clock in the afternoon, commonly. Its complaints, are generally worse in the night. Its complaints commonly start about three o'clock in the afternoon, and run till three in the morning, or until after midnight.

So that during the night its fever is highest. The fever comes on, and rises rapidly, to a very high temperature, sometimes 104 ∞ or 105 ∞, and runs down again to almost normal; but not with a complete apyrexia.

It is not suitable in complaints with complete apyrexia, for that marks complete periodicity which Bell. has not.

Skin: The heat, the redness and the burning characterize most of the skin symptoms. It has a fine rash; not the coarse rash, but the fine, scarlet red, smooth rash. It has inflammation of the skin, phlegmonous, a deep inflammation.

First bright red, gradually grows bluish or purple, or mottled; and in this there is the heat, redness and burning.

It is not suitable generally for the erysipelatous inflammation of the skin and deeper tissues, covered with vesicles, like Rhus.

Vesiculation is sometimes present, but it is the exception, while in Rhus it is the general character. Rhus begins with inflammation; it has heat, redness and burning; but whenever Rhus begins an inflammation, just that instant it throws out a great blister and it fills with serum. Almost any Bell. surface that is inflamed is likely to throw out a red rash. In intense fevers, where there are not scarlet fever or any of the common rashes, a red, fine, glossy eruption is likely to come out.

It is not an uncommon thing in congestion of the brain, and in bilious fevers, for this rash to appear, and it sometimes deceives the physician into making a diagnosis of one of the eruptive diseases, whereas it is a mere hybrid. The Bell. skin, while it turns red, has such a passive redness that you can write your name, almost, on the skin. As you take your finger and make a line on it, it leaves a white line behind your finger.

That was an old diagnostic phase of scarlet fever, and it shows that Bell. produces upon the surface that peculiar passive congestion very much like the scarlatina. So we have in the Bell. provings a symptom that is even a pathognomonic symptom of scarlatina.

But we do not prescribe on a symptom. Of late years no homoeopathic physician ever thinks of giving a medicine simply for the purpose of bringing the pulse down, or bringing the fever down.

He prescribes for the patient. It is true that the temperature does come down, if we get the right remedy; but to prescribe a remedy to bring the pulse down is going at it wrong end to. One who thinks homoeopathically never prescribes to remove a symptom; but guided by the symptoms he selects the remedy, no matter what follows.

It is true the symptoms subside. Others might say he prescribed to remove the symptoms, because they subside.

Learn to keep the ideal of Homeopathy in mind, and think rationally; in order to do that you will have to rid yourselves of a tremendous amount of inheritance.

We have inherited the way to think wrong end to.

"Yellowness of the skin from congestion of the liver, and catarrh of the duodenum."

When persons have been over-medicated with quinine until they take cold on every occasion, and a sudden attack of congestion of the liver comes on, with the great soreness, and the skin becomes yellow with all the sensitiveness of this remedy, Bell. will cure such cases.

There are conditions that follow Bell. that relate to its chronic state. Where Bell. has been suitable for the acute conditions, the congestions, but there is that periodicity that I have mentioned, it has its natural followers, and Calcarea is one of them.

In boys that are big-headed, plump, plethoric, precocious, that take cold easily, and come down, with headaches and congestion; school children that get headaches which Bell. At first helped; very commonly if you look carefully into the case it will turn out to be a Calc. case.

It is so common for Calc. to relate in this way to Bell.

Now-a-days we frequently find the dry, backing cough in the hands of doctors who have given too much Lachesis.

Lachesis is commonly given to over-sensitive women, and it produces many of those conditions; it sometimes cures great troubles, but it leaves behind for weeks a dry, hacking cough that keeps her from sleeping.

Sometimes it comes on after the first sleep, which is commonly about ii o'clock; a dry, hacking cough from lying down.

Bell. will cure this old effect of Lach., the nervous state and excitability and the cough. Bell. will be suitable as an antidote for Lach., that is, for the acute symptoms.

Calc. is an antidote for the more chronic effects of Lach.

After the abuse of Bell., Calc. comes in as one of the natural antidotes.